Acute Otitis Media and Otitis Media with Effusion

Casselbrant, Margaretha L.; Mandel, Ellen M.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35671-8.00016-5

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 209 publications

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“…Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most common infectious diseases in young children [1]. By 3 years of age, 60-80% of children have had at least 1 episode of AOM [2,3], with 40% of children having had at least 6 episodes by 7 years of age [4]. Further, 3 bacterial pathogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae, non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), and Moraxella catarrhalis, account for almost 90% of non-recurrent AOM infections, with 25-44% attributable to S. pneumoniae [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Retrospective Database Analysis to Estimate the Burden of Acute Otitis Media in Children Aged <15 Years in the Veneto Region (Italy)

Barbieri

Porcu

et al. 2022

Children

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This study aimed to assess trends in the incidence of acute otitis media (AOM), a common childhood condition, following the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in the Veneto region of Italy in 2010. AOM episodes (overall, simple, and recurrent (≥3 or ≥4 episodes in 6 or 12 months, respectively, with ≥1 episode in the preceding 6 months)) in children <15 years of age were identified in Pedianet from 2010–2017. Interrupted time series analyses were conducted to assess changes in the annual incidence rates (IRs) in early (2010–2013) and late (2014–2017) PCV13 periods. In total, 72,570 children (402,868 person-years) were identified; 21,048 had 41,683 AOM episodes. Mean annual AOM IR was 103/1000 person-years (95% confidence interval: 102–104), decreasing from 126 to 79/1000 person-years. AOM IRs were highest in children 2–4 years of age, followed by <2 and 5–14 years of age. Overall and simple AOM IRs decreased among children 0–14 years of age, including 2–4 and 5–14 years of age, while recurrent AOM IRs decreased in children <2 years of age. Following PCV13 introduction, AOM IRs decreased substantially in children <15 years of age, with the greatest benefit observed in older children, driven by a reduction in simple AOM IRs. AOM disease burden remains substantial.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Retrospective Database Analysis to Estimate the Burden of Acute Otitis Media in Children Aged <15 Years in the Veneto Region (Italy)

Barbieri

Porcu

et al. 2022

Children

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“…The effect of recurrent AOM (rAOM) in children is between 10% to 20% among most cases of AOM. [19,20] Recurrent AOM resulted from resistance to bacteria that colonized the middle ear causing treatment failure and disease recurrence. [13] Previous studies showed that pneumatic otoscopy remains the standard technique of examination in a patient who may have OM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Otitis Media in Children and Pattern of Antibiotic Prescription at a Tertiary Hospital in Makkah

Obaid

2022

JMAHS

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Background: Otitis media (OM) is a common inflammatory disease of the middle ear and mostly affects children less than 5 years. It is divided into several disease subcategories: acute otitis media (AOM), recurrent AOM, OM with effusion (OME), and chronic otitis media (COM). This study aims to determine the otitis media and identify the manner of prescribing antibiotics used for the treatment of OM cases in children from 3 months to 5 years old in Hera General hospital in Makkah city. Methods: The samples were retrospectively conducted at a tertiary General Hospital in the western region of Saudi Arabia. 113 records met the inclusion criteria for the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (percent and frequency). For quantitative data, the chi-square test and mean were used. Results: The number of OM cases was higher in patients aged 3 years old and less among age categories. The percentage of males (54.6%) was higher than females (45.4%). Amoxicillin-clavulanate was the most used treatment of OM in the inpatient ward, outpatient, emergency, and after discharge. The protocol of treatment was mostly by prescribing both antibiotics and analgesics without requesting any further samples to investigate the type of pathogen related to this infection. Cases presented to the emergency department were discharged with an antibiotic prescription without further investigation of the records for previous infection or recurrence. Conclusions: Due to increasing the antibiotics resistance alert around the globe, we believe that OM recurrence could be one of the community-acquired infections that affect the pediatric population and lower the quality of life and need specific attention from a physician who prescribes antibiotics for OM without further investigation.

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“…Pathological conditions, such as middle ear mucosal hyperplasia, middle ear effusion due to hyperproliferative reactions, mineralized atelectasis, adhesions, tympanic sclerosis, and middle ear inflammation, were found to occur repeatedly and become chronic, resulting in irreversible structural changes in the middle ear cavity. Although acute otitis media is usually resolved without sequelae, some patients may experience the recurrence or persistence of inflammation, progressing to recurrent otitis media, otitis media with effusion, or a form of chronic otitis media [2,3]. Acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion can cause structural changes tympanic membrane, demonstrated by histological analysis of inner and outer fi layers of the lamina propria.…”

Section: Introduction 1otitis Mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

Autophagy Genes and Otitis Media Outcomes

Kim,

Rim,

Kim

et al. 2024

Clinics and Practice

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Otitis media (OM) is a common cause of hearing loss in children that requires corrective surgery. Various studies have investigated the pathomechanisms and treatment of OM. Autophagy, an essential cellular recycling and elimination mechanism implicated in various diseases, is known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of OM. Here, we conducted a literature review on autophagy in OM, highlighting the relationship between expression patterns of autophagy-related factors and pathophysiological and clinical aspects of OM. We summarized the existing research results on the expression of autophagy-related factors in acute OM (AOM), OM with effusion (OME), chronic OM (COM) with cholesteatoma, and COM without cholesteatoma (CholeOM) in animals and humans. Autophagy-related factors are expressed in the middle ear mucosa or fluid of AOM, effusion of OME, granulation tissue of COM, and cholesteatoma of CholeOM. Among ATGs and other autophagy-related factors, the most extensively studied in relation to the pathogenesis of OM are mTOR, LC3II/I, PI3K, Beclin-1, FLIP, Akt, and Rubicon. Expression of autophagy-related factors is associated with AOM, OME, COM, and CholeOM. Inadequate expression of these factors or a decrease/increase in autophagy responses can result in OM, underscoring the critical role of ATGs and related factors in the pathogenesis of OM.

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Acute Otitis Media and Otitis Media with Effusion

Cited by 6 publications

References 209 publications

A Retrospective Database Analysis to Estimate the Burden of Acute Otitis Media in Children Aged <15 Years in the Veneto Region (Italy)

A Retrospective Database Analysis to Estimate the Burden of Acute Otitis Media in Children Aged <15 Years in the Veneto Region (Italy)

Prevalence of Otitis Media in Children and Pattern of Antibiotic Prescription at a Tertiary Hospital in Makkah

Autophagy Genes and Otitis Media Outcomes

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