Acute Renal Failure in Dogs After the Ingestion of Grapes or Raisins: A Retrospective Evaluation of 43 Dogs (1992-2002)

Abstract

A review of records from the AnTox database of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Animal Poison Control Center identified 43 dogs that developed increased blood urea nitrogen concentration, serum creatinine concentration, or both as well as clinical signs after ingesting grapes, raisins, or both. Clinical findings, laboratory findings, histopathological findings, treatments performed, and outcome were evaluated. All dogs vomited, and lethargy, anorexia, and diarrhea were other common clinical signs. Decreased urine output, ataxia, or weakness were associated with a negative outcome. High calcium x phosphorus product (Ca x P), hyperphosphatemia, and hypercalcemia were present in 95%, 90%, and 62% of the dogs in which these variables were evaluated. Extremely high initial total calcium concentration, peak total calcium concentration, initial Ca x P, and peak Ca x P were negative prognostic indicators. Proximal renal tubular necrosis was the most consistent finding in dogs for which histopathology was evaluated. Fifty-three percent of the 43 dogs survived, with 15 of these 23 having a complete resolution of clinical signs and azotemia. Although the mechanism of renal injury from grapes and raisins remains unclear, the findings of this study contribute to an understanding of the clinical course of acute renal failure that can occur after ingestion of grapes or raisins in dogs.

Natural Occurrence of Grape Poisoning in Two Dogs

“…Vomiting and diarrhea were the primary clinical signs associated with canine grape poisoning [4,7]. However, we had not…”

“…Vomiting and diarrhea were the primary clinical signs associated with canine grape poisoning [4,7]. However, we had not much information because owners provided minimal historical information on clinical signs prior to presentation.…”

“…Increased alanine aminotransferase and phosphorus values were different findings than previous reports. Urinalysis typically reveals proteinuria, glucosuria, hematuria, and crystalluria [4]. The prognosis is poor in dogs with oliguria or anuria [5].…”

“…The prognosis is poor in dogs with oliguria or anuria [5]. The toxic mechanisms of grape toxicity are not clearly defined, and the lack of a reproducible dose response relationship suggests that toxicity could be reflective of fruit compenents present in varying quantities or the existence of extrinsic compounds [4]. Individual variations in clinical response may also occur.…”

O exame ultrassonográfico modo B, Doppler colorido e pulsado na avaliação da doença renal crônica em felinos

“…Conclui-se que os gatos normais possuem uma maior ecogenicidade da cortical em relação fígado; e apesar deste estudo ter demonstrado que a ecogenicidade do fígado e córtex renal em gatos pode ser quantificada, porém nem a avaliação ultrassonográfica qualitativa nem a quantitativa substituem a avaliação histológica (DROST et al, 2000). Nefrite intersticial e glomerular, necrose ou nefrose tubular aguda, (causado por etilenoglicol, uvas em cães e lírio em gatos), estágio terminal da doença renal e nefrocalcinose podem causar hiperecogenicidade da cortical (WALTER et al, 1987b;WALTER et al, 1988;BARR et al, 1989;BECK;SLOCOMBE, 1991;FORREST et al, 1998;EUBIG et al, 2005 (WALTER et al, 1987b).…”