Incidence of acute renal failure, need for dialysis Causes of acute renal failure, general workup of patients Pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and differential diagnosis of acute renal failure Experimental studies Clinical studies Differential diagnosis Avoiding dialysis-etiologic treatment Cause of death and prognostic factors Cause of death Prognostic factors Demographic factors Co-morbid condition Basic underlying disease Type and degree of renal failure Signs of infections Complicating disorders. 'Organ system failure' Type and quantity of dialysis Multifactorial prognostic formulae Summary of prognostic factors Treatment early: resuscitation Fluid overload Hyperkalemia Treatment late: conservative Avoiding infections Re-operation and surgical complications Nutrition, hyperalimentation Bleeding Other metabolic problems Use of drugs Treatment with acute dialysis Overview of methods Comparison of dialysis methods; intermittent and continuous hemodialysis; peritoneal dialysis 821 822 822 823 823 824 824 826 828 828 828 828 828 828 828 829 829 829 829 829 829 830 830 832 834 834 834 834 835 835 835 835 Acute dialysis Start, frequency and speed of dialysis Vascular access Anticoagulation Dialyzers and dialysis machines, biocompatibility Dialysis solutions-intermittent hemodialysis Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium B ica rbona tel acetate Dextrose Phosphorus Chloride Dialysis solutions-continuous hemodialysis Complications of hemodialysis and their treatment Blood pressure problems Cardiac arrhythmias Electrolyte abnormalities Disequilibrium Cell destruction Hypoxemia Peritoneal dialysis Access to the peritoneum Choice of fluids and additives Complications of peritoneal dialysis Technical problems Metabolic complications Cardiovascular and pulmonary complications Infectious complications Improving survival Recovery of renal function: need for continuous dialysis