Acute Sleep Deprivation Enhances the Brain's Response to Hedonic Food Stimuli: An fMRI Study

Benedict, Christian; Brooks, Samantha J.; O’Daly, Owen; Almén, Markus Sällman; Morell, Arvid; Åberg, K. Magnus; Gingnell, Malin; Schultes, Bernd; Hallschmid, Manfred; Broman, Jan‐Erik; Larsson, Elna‐Marie; Schiöth, Helgi B.

doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2759

Cited by 266 publications

(167 citation statements)

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“…Nedeltcheva et al 22 suggested that hypothalamic orexigenic neurons involved in the modulation of reward and motivation may be altered by restricting sleep duration. This is supported by data from St-Onge et al 43 and Benedict et al, 44 who found increased neuronal activation in the frontal cortex-involved in the reward value of food-in response to food stimuli after restricted sleep. It is possible that restricting sleep increases the reward-ing value of food while increasing endocrine drivers of food intake, such as ghrelin, leading to increased food consumption.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

The Role of Sleep Duration in the Regulation of Energy Balance: Effects on Energy Intakes and Expenditure

St‐Onge

2013

Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine

190

145

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Short sleep duration and obesity are common occurrence in today's society. An extensive literature from cross-sectional and longitudinal epidemiological studies shows a relationship between short sleep and prevalence of obesity and weight gain. However, causality cannot be inferred from such studies. Clinical intervention studies have examined whether reducing sleep in normal sleepers, typically sleeping 7-9 h/night, can affect energy intake, energy expenditure, and endocrine regulators of energy balance. The aim of this review is to evaluate studies that have assessed food intake, energy expenditure, and leptin and ghrelin levels after periods of restricted and normal sleep. Most studies support the notion that restricting sleep increases food intake, but the effects on energy expenditure are mixed. Differences in methodology and component of energy expenditure analyzed may account for the discrepancies. Studies examining the effects of sleep on leptin and ghrelin have provided confl icting results with increased, reduced, or unchanged leptin and ghrelin levels after restricted sleep compared to normal sleep. Energy balance of study participants and potential sex differences may account for the varied results. Studies should strive for constant energy balance and feeding schedules when assessing the role of sleep on hormonal profi le. Although studies suggest that restricting sleep may lead to weight gain via increased food intake, research is needed to examine the impact on energy expenditure and endocrine controls. Also, studies have been of short duration, and there is little knowledge on the reverse question: does increasing sleep duration in short sleepers lead to negative energy balance? keywords: Energy balance, energy expenditure, food intake, ghrelin, leptin Citation: St-Onge MP. The role of sleep duration in the regulation of energy balance: effects on energy intakes and expenditure. J Clin Sleep Med 2013;9(1):73-80.http://dx.doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.2348 T here is much epidemiological evidence supporting an association between self-reported short sleep duration and obesity. This has been the topic of several meta-analyses and systematic reviews.1-3 These studies show that the odds of obesity are increased in those who report sleeping short, generally < 7 h/night, compared to those who report sleeping a recommended amount of time, about 7-8 h/night. Since those reviews were published, additional support has been put forth from various population studies. [4][5][6][7][8][9] Although the literature is somewhat consistent, some studies do not show an association in specifi c population subgroups, such as the elderly.6,10 Nevertheless, it is generally agreed that there is a link between short sleep duration and obesity. However, whether this relationship is causal is debatable. The purpose of this review is to examine the literature to determine if alterations in sleep duration lead to changes in the energy balance equation: Energy intake = Energy output (weight stability). The focus will be on adult clinical...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

The Role of Sleep Duration in the Regulation of Energy Balance: Effects on Energy Intakes and Expenditure

St‐Onge

2013

Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine

190

145

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“…In addition, because our participant sample were young individuals without experience of night shift work, further work should establish whether these findings remain for individuals who are more representative of shift worker populations. It has been proposed that readily available unhealthy foods such as fast food in vending machines promotes poor nutritional habits amongst shift workers (28). Whilst some field studies of shift workers diets do suggest that their dietary patterns are altered, the studies are few and the findings are not consistent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Field-based studies have reported that shift workers consume more calories (26) and more saturated fats (27), often due to workers opting for snack options that are convenient and easy to obtain (28). However, studies evaluating the impact of shift work or shortened sleep on food preference have utilized self-reporting techniques, such as food diaries, questionnaires or interviews [eg, (5)].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, artificial sleep restriction has been associated with increased self-reported hunger and appetite, more specifically for carbohydrates (22,29) and increased propensity for consuming snacks (30,31), particularly sweet snacks (31). While preference for carbohydrate increases with shortened sleep, the self-reported preference for protein remains unchanged (22,28). Despite excess dietary fat being a risk factor for obesity, the effect of night shift work on the preference for dietary fat remains unclear, with some studies demonstrating an effect of sleep curtailment on dietary fat intake (32,33) and some showing no change (28).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While preference for carbohydrate increases with shortened sleep, the self-reported preference for protein remains unchanged (22,28). Despite excess dietary fat being a risk factor for obesity, the effect of night shift work on the preference for dietary fat remains unclear, with some studies demonstrating an effect of sleep curtailment on dietary fat intake (32,33) and some showing no change (28). While data exists with respect to snacking and eating on shift, no study has examined the impact of night shift work on food preference post-shift.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhanced preference for high-fat foods following a simulated night shift

Cain¹,

Filtness²,

Phillips³

et al. 2015

Scand J Work Environ Health

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Shortened sleep and circadian misalignment, as seen in shift workers, has adverse metabolic and behavioral consequences which lead to obesity and associated comorbidities. This study demonstrates a simulated night shift enhances preference for high fat foods, which may be a contributing factor for shift work-related weight gain. Increasing awareness of changes in food preference may promote healthier food choices. Key terms: diet; dietary intake; eating; fat; food; habit; health; health; high-fat food; night duty; night shift; night work; nutrition; obesity; shift work; shift worker; simulated night shift; sleep loss; weight gain This article in PubMed: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25699635 288 Scand J Work Environ Health 2015, vol 41, no 3Short communication Scand J Work Environ Health. 2015;41(3):288-293. doi:10.5271/sjweh.3486 Enhanced preference for high-fat foods following a simulated night shift by Sean W Cain, PhD,1 Ashleigh J Filtness, PhD,2 Craig L Phillips, PhD,3,4 Clare Anderson, PhD 1,5 Cain SW, Filtness AJ, Phillips CL, Anderson C. Enhanced preference for high-fat foods following a simulated night shift. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2015;41(3):288-293. doi:10.5271/sjweh.3486 Objectives Shift workers are prone to obesity and associated co-morbidities such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Sleep restriction associated with shift work results in dramatic endocrine and metabolic effects that predispose shift workers to these adverse health consequences. While sleep restriction has been associated with increased caloric intake, food preference may also play a key role in weight gain associated with shift work. This study examined the impact of an overnight simulated night shift on food preference.Methods Sixteen participants [mean 20.1, standard deviation (SD) 1.4 years; 8 women] underwent a simulated night shift and control condition in a counterbalanced order. On the following morning, participants were provided an opportunity for breakfast that included high-and low-fat food options (mean 64.8% and 6.4% fat, respectively). ResultsParticipants ate significantly more high-fat breakfast items after the simulated night shift than after the control condition [167.3, standard error of the mean (SEM) 28.7) g versus 211.4 (SEM 35.6) g; P=0.012]. The preference for high-fat food was apparent among the majority of individuals following the simulated night shift (81%), but not for the control condition (43%). Shift work and control conditions did not differ, however, in the total amount of food or calories consumed.Conclusions A simulated night shift leads to preference for high-fat food during a subsequent breakfast opportunity. These results suggest that food choice may contribute to weight-related chronic health problems commonly seen among night shift workers.Key terms diet; dietary intake; eating; food; habit; health; night duty; night work; nutrition; obesity; shift work; shift worker; sleep loss; weight gain. Working shifts outside of regular working hours is prevalent in modern industrialize...

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