Acute sporadic hepatitis in Sudanese children

Abstract

Eighty consecutive cases of acute viral hepatitis and 80 controls selected from a public pediatric clinic were entered into a study of acute sporadic hepatitis in Khartoum, Sudan. Study subjects were 14 years of age or younger and were mainly from a low socioeconomic level. Non-A, non-B hepatitis was diagnosed by exclusion in 35 (43.8%) patients, hepatitis A in 27 (33.8%), acute hepatitis B in 8 (10.0%), possible Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) hepatitis in 1 patient; and dual hepatitis A and B infection in 1 patient. Eight acute cases were positive for HBsAg but negative for anti-HBc IgM and anti-HAV IgM. Delta hepatitis was not identified in any study subject. A household case of jaundice and acquaintance with an individual outside of the household with jaundice during the prior 6 months were associated with non-A, non-B hepatitis. There was no association between parenteral exposure and non-A, non-B hepatitis. These findings suggest that enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis may be a major cause of acute sporadic hepatitis in children in this area, as well as a cause of epidemic hepatitis.

A systematic review of the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in Africa

“…We also discuss studies of sporadic cases and outbreaks of NANB hepatitis viruses in the Discussion Section with tables of data in the Additional file 1. The present paper includes studies from 28 (50%) of 56 African countries: Algeria [26-28], Burkina Faso [29], Burundi [30,31], Cameroon [32], Central African Republic [33,34], Chad [27,28,35-38], Côte d’Ivoire [39], Democratic Republic of the Congo [40], Djibouti [41,42], Ethiopia [6,43], Eritrea [44], Egypt [45-71], Gabon [72,73], Ghana [32,74-78], Kenya [79,80], Madagascar [81], Mayotte [82], Morocco [83-85], Namibia [86-88], Nigeria [89-91], Senegal [92,93], Somalia [94-96], South Africa [97,98], South Sudan [99], Sudan [35,100-105], Tunisia [106-111], the United Republic of Tanzania [112-114], and Zambia [115]. …”

Seroprevalence and anti-HEV persistence in the general population of the Republic of San Marino

“…It has been suggested that HEV sporadic infection in children, adolescents, or young adults has generally a clinical or subclinical course followed by gradual loss of immunity [Zakaria et al, 1988;Hyams et al, 1991;Goldsmith et al, 1992;Mushahwar et al, 1996;Balayan, 1997]. In these cases, IgG could be present at low titers and consequently may last briefly.…”

Hepatitis A in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a comprehensive review

“…Among the 123 publications which provided data on hepatitis A disease for the 21 countries in the EMR and Palestine ( Table 2 ), the distribution of publications by country was: Saudi Arabia ( n = 30), 19–46 followed by Iran ( n = 28), 47–74 Egypt ( n = 19), 75–93 Pakistan ( n = 8), 94–101 Lebanon ( n = 6), 102–107 Tunisia ( n = 6), 108–113 Iraq ( n = 4), 114–117 Kuwait ( n = 3), 118–120 Somalia ( n = 3), 121–123 Djibouti ( n = 2), 124 , 125 Jordan ( n = 2), 126 , 127 Syria ( n = 2), 128 , 129 UAE ( n = 2), 130 , 131 Yemen ( n = 2), 132 , 133 Afghanistan ( n = 1), 134 Libya ( n = 1), 135 Morocco ( n = 1), 136 Palestine ( n = 1), 137 Qatar ( n = 1) 138 and Sudan ( n = 1) ( Figure 3 ). 139

Figure 3. Classification of included countries by income level and hepatitis a vaccination status.

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“… 23 pts, all ages 82.6% (19) Al-Knawy et al, 1997 27 n.r. 132 hospitalized pts, >3 y 81.8% (108) Sudan Hyams et al, 1991 139 1987–1988 80 outpatients, <14 y 33.8% (27) Syria Al-Azmeh et al, 1999 129 1995–1998 193 pts, >12 y 53.9% (104) Tunisia Neffatti et al, 2017 110 2014–2015 92 pts, 1-62 y 21.7% (20) Gharbi-Khelifi et al, 2012 112 2006–2008 400 pts, 1-60 y 19.8% (79) Hellera et al, 2014 113 2004–2005 105 pts, 15–65 y 34.3% (36) Yemen Gunaid et al, 1997 133 n.r. 78 pts, ≥13 y 5.1% (4) HAV, hepatitis A virus; n, number of study participants who were anti-HAV positive; n.r., not reported; pts, patients; y, years.…”