Acute Toxicity Assessment of Break-Free CLP: A Weapons Cleaning and Maintenance Compound

Arfsten, Darryl P.; Johnson, Eric W.; Thitoff, A. R.; Still, Kenneth R.; Brinkley, William W.

doi:10.21236/ada416474

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 14 publications

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“…In this regard, the couples heptadecane/pristane and octadecane/phytane may indicate the presence of heavy petroleum distillates, such as mineral oils [33]. Thus, these groups of compounds might be ascribable to a contamination of spent cartridges by lubricants during the production process or cleaning of the weapon [34]. A similar mechanism could also explain the presence of methyl dehydroabietate (a marker of wood tar, generally used for waterproofing [35,36]) in the residues.…”

Section: Identification Of the Volatile Compounds In Gsrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of volatile organic gunshot residues in fired handgun cartridges by headspace sorptive extraction

2015

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In forensic investigation of firearm-related cases, determination of the residual amount of volatile compounds remaining inside a cartridge could be useful in estimating the time since its discharge. Published approaches are based on following the decrease of selected target compounds as a function of time by using solid phase micro-extraction (SPME). Naphthalene as well as an unidentified decomposition product of nitrocellulose (referred to as "TEA2") are usually employed for this purpose. However, reliability can be brought into question given their high volatility and low reproducibility of the extracted procedure. In order to identify alternatives and therefore develop improved dating methods, an extensive study on the composition and variability of volatile residues in nine different types of cartridges was carried out. Analysis was performed using headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE), which is a more exhaustive technique compared to SPME. One hundred sixty six compounds were identified (several of which for the first time), and it was observed that the final compositional characteristics of each residue were strongly dependent on its source. Variability of single identified compounds within and between different types of cartridge as well as their evolution over time were also studied. Many explosion products containing up to four aromatic rings were found to be globally present in high proportions. Twenty-seven of them (excluding naphthalene) also presented detectable decreases during the first 24 h. Therefore, they could be used as complementary target analytes in future dating methods.

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Section: Identification Of the Volatile Compounds In Gsrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of volatile organic gunshot residues in fired handgun cartridges by headspace sorptive extraction

2015

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Hydrocarbon-Based Weapons Maintenance Compounds Produce Evidence of Contact Hypersensitivity in Balb/C Mice

Arfsten

Azadi

Butterworth

et al. 2006

Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology

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Unprotected dermal contact with weapons maintenance materials is highly probable during cleaning and maintenance of firearms. Several weapons maintenance materials of interest to the Department of Defense were evaluated for their irritating and sensitizing potential in a modified local lymph node assay (LLNA). Female BALB/c mice (n = 5) were topically exposed to Break-Free CLP, Royco 634, TW-25B, MC-25, or MC-2500. All compounds tested produced a positive response for irritancy and lymphocyte proliferation. Break-Free CLP and Royco 634 produced the greatest dermal irritation and highest LLNA stimulation index. Phenotyping of draining lymph node cells from animals treated with Break-Free CLP suggest that this material induces T-cell-mediated contact sensitization (Type IV hypersensitivity) in mice. These findings support the recommendation that persons handling or using weapons maintenance materials should protect their skin from repeated contact by wearing appropriate personal protective equipment.

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Acute Toxicity Assessment of Break-Free CLP: A Weapons Cleaning and Maintenance Compound

Cited by 2 publications

References 14 publications

Characterization of volatile organic gunshot residues in fired handgun cartridges by headspace sorptive extraction

Characterization of volatile organic gunshot residues in fired handgun cartridges by headspace sorptive extraction

Hydrocarbon-Based Weapons Maintenance Compounds Produce Evidence of Contact Hypersensitivity in Balb/C Mice

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