Acute toxicity of brief exposures to HF, HCl, NO2 and HCN with and without CO

Higgins, E A; Fiorca, Vincent; Thomas, Anthony A.; Davis, Harvey V.

doi:10.1007/bf02590576

Cited by 54 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…It is conceivable that greater degrees of interaction between the three main toxic factors may be possible if combination atmospheres are generated where the concentrations of each factor are adjusted to promote such effects, although serious interactions between the main narcotic gases CO and HCN are unlikely since both we and other investigators have found only minor interactions [16,17,18] or none [19] over a range of combination concentrations.…”

Section: Significance Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…As with the exposures to flexible polyurethane foam at 600 C, the animals showed signs of an acute inflammatory lung reaction [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] hours after exposure, with coughing and nasal and buccal mucus discharge, which lasted for up to 48 hours, and in one animal gave rise to pulmonary oedema and alveolar congestion. Under pyrolytic conditions at 600 C the atmosphere proved innocuous to the animals, with no signs of toxicity or physiological response, although a high nominal atmosphere concentration of 17.2 mg/litre was used and the atmosphere was rich in smoke and particulates.…”

Section: The Effects Of Oxidative Decomposition On Polymer Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biological Studies of Combustion Atmospheres

Purser

Woolley

1983

Journal of Fire Sciences

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There is evidence supported by statistical information from fire deaths that many fire fatalities occur as a result of incapacitation of the victims by the toxic products given off during the early stages of fires, thereby preventing escape from the fire, rather than from direct exposure to heat or other factors. As an essential part of understanding these problems, a study has been made of the mechanisms of incapacitation resulting from exposures to atmospheres of thermal decomposition products from polymeric materials. Under conditions approved by the Home Office Inspector, individual cynomolgus monkeys were exposed to atmospheres increasing in separate experiments from very low smoke concentrations until early signs of physiological effects were detected. Measurements were made of two kinds of physiological parameters: vital signs (respiration, electrocardiography and respiratory blood gases) and parameters indicating effects on the nervous system (electroencephalography, auditory evoked potentials, nerve conduction velocity). The atmospheres generated were designed to study the effects of hypoxia, hypercapnia, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide and thermal decomposition products from wood, polyacrylonitrile, polyurethane foam, polypropylene, polystyrene and nylon produced under pyrolytic or oxidative conditions at a range of temperatures. The main findings were that the composition and hence the toxicity of the products from individual materials could vary considerably depending upon the different conditions of temperature and degree of oxygenation under which they were decomposed. However, despite the great complexity in chemical

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Section: Significance Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: The Effects Of Oxidative Decomposition On Polymer Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Studies of Combustion Atmospheres

Purser

Woolley

1983

Journal of Fire Sciences

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“…The in vivo inhibitory effects of CO on the respira-tory enzymes may not be great. By comparing the LC50 values for HCN of rodents with and without CO, Higgins et al [8] have reported that CO at the 25% COHb level had no effect on the acute toxicity of HCN. They have considered that the slightly decreased extracellular 02 transport by CO did not significantly influence the action of HCN.…”

Section: Acute Toxicity Of the Combustion Products From Pan-gauze MIXmentioning

confidence: 97%

Acute combined effects of HCN and CO, with the use of the combustion products from pan (polyacrylonitrite) — gauze mixtures

Yamamoto

1976

Z Rechtsmed

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The combustion product from gauze-PAN (Polyacrylonitrile) micture was used as a material for the evaluation of the combined effects of CO and HCN. Rats and mice were exposed for 30 min. to the combustion products. In mice experiments, the time at which animals turned laterally and were killed, was measured. In experiments with rats, blood COHb and cyanide determinations were made, in addition to the observation of the behavior. Exposure room gas concentrations (O2, CO2, CO, HCN) were determined and temperature in the combustion room was measured during heating. Preliminary experiments with PAN, ranging from 2g to 10g, on mice showed that HCN is responsible for the toxicity of the combustion products from this fiber. In mixture experiments all animals died during exposure. In experiments with mice (8g of total weight of mixed sample), animals in groups with larger proportion of PAN turned over and died earlier and this was explained by higher HCN concentration. In rats experiments (10g), this held true for severe impairment, however, as to the death time, this was not the case. There was a long interval between severe impairment and death in groups with larger proportion of PAN. The larger amount of HCN was produced as temperature rises. A linear relation between COHb concentration and CT (concentration-time) product was shown. There was not a linear relation between blood COHb and cyanide levels. Judging from the blood analyses data, it seemed probable that there is neither an additive nor a synergistic action between CO and HCN with respect to lethal effects.

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“…Higgins, en 1972, informa una DL50 respiratoria de 323 ppm para ratones y 503 ppm para ratas expuestas a HCN durante 5 minutos (40) . La DL50 estimada para 30 minutos fue 142 ppm en ratas, de 182 ppm para gatos y 410 ppm para cabras (41) .…”

Section: En Animales De Experimentaciónunclassified

Toxicidad del cianuro. Investigación bibliográfica de sus efectos en animales y en el hombre

Ramírez

2011

An Fac med

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REVISIÓN La prevención, el mejor antídotoResumen Se llama cianuro al cianuro en sí, al cianuro de hidrógeno y a sus sales. Los cianuros existen en forma natural e industrialmente se les obtiene como sales. Aún a dosis bajas son compuestos letales en tiempo mínimo de exposición. El sistema nervioso es su órgano blanco primario. Luego de ingestión, inhalación o contacto se presentan efectos neurotóxicos graves y mortales en humanos y animales. La exposición ocupacional produce alteraciones tiroideas, cefalea, vértigo, vómito, náuseas, dermatitis y exposiciones altas; a corto tiempo, terminan en paro respiratorio y muerte. Algunos compuestos de cianuro en microcantidades son indispensables para la vida. Respecto a su poder carcinógeno, al cianuro se le considera en el grupo D de los 'no clasificables como carcinógenos humanos'. Para aplicar mejor las medidas preventivas en el trabajo con cianuros, y en salud pública, es necesario conocer satisfactoriamente su acción tóxica sobre los animales y el hombre. Palabras clave: Cianuros; exposición ocupacional; acciones tóxicas; neurotóxicos. AbstractCyanide, hydrogen cyanide and its salts are called cyanide. They exist in natural form and are obtained as salts in industry. At low doses they are lethal in minimum exposure time. The nervous system is its primary target organ. After ingestion, contact or inhalation, serious neurotoxic effects appear in humans and animals. Occupational exposure can produce headache, vertigo, vomiting, nausea, thyroid gland alterations, and dermatitis. At high doses and in short time, cyanide exposure can end in death. In very low amounts some cyanide compounds are indispensable for life. Cyanide is located in group D "not classifiable as human carcinogen". In order to apply preventive measures when working with cyanides and in public health, it is necessary to acknowledge cyanide toxic effects on men and animals.

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Acute toxicity of brief exposures to HF, HCl, NO2 and HCN with and without CO

Cited by 54 publications

References 5 publications

Biological Studies of Combustion Atmospheres

Biological Studies of Combustion Atmospheres

Acute combined effects of HCN and CO, with the use of the combustion products from pan (polyacrylonitrite) — gauze mixtures

Toxicidad del cianuro. Investigación bibliográfica de sus efectos en animales y en el hombre

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