Acute toxicity of carbon dioxide to juvenile marine shrimpLitopenaeus vannamei(Boone 1931)

Transcriptional response of immune-related genes in Litopenaeus vannamei cultured in recirculating aquaculture systems with elevated CO2

“…In RAS, the optimal CO 2 range is 5 to 10 mg L −1 , but high densities can produce concentrations above 20 mg L −1 (Furtado et al, 2017). Although CO 2 concentrations between 20 and 60 mg L −1 are not lethal, the pH hemolymph decreases, causing negative effects on shrimp metabolism (Furtado et al, 2016;Furtado et al, 2017), including transcriptional response of genes related to shrimp immunity (Zhou et al, 2010;Johnson et al, 2015). During this study, a significant decrease in water pH was observed in the high CO 2 treatment compared with the control treatment.…”

“…Transcriptional response of immune-related genes in Litopenaeus vannamei cultured in recirculating... Hernández et al High CO 2 concentrations contribute to the system acidification (Skov, 2019), which can negatively affect growth, physiology, energy metabolism, and immunity of fish (Dennis III et al, 2015;Good et al, 2018;Khan et al, 2018;Almroth et al, 2019;Hermann et al, 2019;Mota et al, 2019;Machado et al, 2020;Pan et al, 2020;Mota et al, 2020), crustaceans (Fehsenfeld et al, 2011;Rathburn et al, 2013;Johnson et al, 2015;Zheng et al, 2015;Chang et al, 2016;Meseck et al, 2016), and mollusks (Bibby et al, 2008;Wang et al, 2016;Clements et al, 2021). High non-lethal (23.8 mg L −1 ), lethal (59.12 mg L −1 ), and safe (5.9 mg L −1 ) CO 2 levels for L. vannamei production in RAS systems were determined (Furtado et al, 2017), but concentration above 20 mg L −1 reduces tissue oxygenation and increases the ventilation rate (Furtado et al, 2016). Consequently, high CO 2 concentrations in RAS cause blood acidosis during hypercapnia and could impair oxygen transport and general metabolic processes of L. vannamei (Johnson et al, 2015;Summerfelt et al, 2015;Chen et al, 2019).…”

The effects of high concentration of carbon dioxide on performance and tissue histology of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

“…In Artemia sinica, the acidification of water by CO 2 affects physiological processes and protein expression (Chang et al, 2016). In Litopenaeus vannamei, the increase in CO 2 causes stress and affects CO 2 excretion in the branchial epithelium and the haemolymph´s pH, likewise the maximum non-lethal concentration and acute toxicity of the CO 2 are 23.8 and 59.12 mg/L, respectively (Furtado et al, 2014(Furtado et al, , 2017. Therefore, the effect generated by a high CO 2 concentration (39.20 ± 1.76 mg/L) during a 70-day bioassay and its relationship with the productive performance and the histopathological alterations of L. vannamei was evaluated.…”

Potential impact of underwater released exhaust gas from innovative ships on the marine ecosystem

“…The 96-h acute toxicity test of additional CO2 on marine shrimp from Furtado et al ( 2017) is one of the few studies that are comparable to the underwater released CO2 condition. They derived an LC50 of only 59 mg/l (around 30,000 µatm pCO2), and with 23.5 mg/l (around 12,000 µatm) as NOEC concentration for mortality (Furtado et al, 2017). The NOEC in Chapter 2 was 10 times lower, 3,032 µatm, and this difference could be attributed to the difference in experimental conditions (indoor aquaculture of outdoor mesocosm) and exposure period (96 hours or 49 days).…”

“…Furthermore, most ocean acidification studies only cover pH ranges higher than where the significant decalcification was observed (pH ≤ 7.1, Chapter 2). Some studies included pH < 7.0 treatments (Furtado et al, 2017;Preziosi et al, 2017), but no sediments were involved in the experimental set-up. Therefore, no significant increase in alkalinity was to be expected.…”