Acute toxicity study of the standardized methanolic extract of Mitragyna speciosa Korth in Rodent

Harizal, S.N.; Mansor, Sharif Mahsufi; Jaafar, Harlina Suzana; Tharakan, J.K.J.; Abdullah, Jafri Malin

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.013

Cited by 132 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Murine models fed doses as low as 100 mg/kg and as high as 1 g/kg of MG were noted to have multiorgan changes including elevation of transaminases with simultaneous lobular destruction, dilated biliary systems, and hemorrhagic hepatocytes demonstrated on biopsy [12,13]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kratom: a dangerous player in the opioid crisis

Tayabali

Bolzon

Foster

et al. 2018

Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives

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Kratom use as a herbal supplement is on the rise in the United States, with reported medical outcomes and lethal effects suggesting a public health threat. Even though the Drug Enforcement Administration has included kratom on its drugs of concern list and the FDA has published a press release to identify it as an opioid with a potential for abuse, its therapeutic and side effects are still not well defined in the literature. Here, we present a case of a 32-year-old man with a history of kratom use who became acutely ill with a brief prodromal illness, followed by jaundice and elevated liver enzymes showing a cholestatic picture, and his successful treatment. In this case, we emphasize the need for awareness of kratom exposure as a key contributor in the expansion of the opioid crisis, with therapeutic benefits earned at the expense of potentially lethal side effects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kratom: a dangerous player in the opioid crisis

Tayabali

Bolzon

Foster

et al. 2018

Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives

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“…This research also highlights the need for regulations to prevent boosting the concentration of addictive Kratom is sold on the internet and in specialty stores (i.e., head shops) as capsules, tablets, powder, concentrated extract, gum, or raw leaves for chewing or brewing tea [6,13,31]. Reported benefits include anticancer and antioxidant effects [32,33], antiinflammatory properties [34], appetite reduction, glycemic control, treatment of chronic pain [35,36], antidepressant actions [37], antidiarrheal and antimalarial properties [1,38], treatment of ethanol [36,39] or opioid withdrawal [1,40,41], and antibacterial activity [33]. Due to its stimulant and opioid-like properties, Kratom is also consumed for analgesic and recreational purposes [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chronic use results in insomnia, anorexia, weight loss, facial hyperpigmentation, dry mouth, polyuria, psychosis, or addiction [1,45,46]. Infrequent findings associated with chronic Kratom use include seizure or coma [10,24,47,48], acute respiratory distress syndrome [49], hypothyroidism [50], intrahepatic cholestasis or toxic hepatitis [38,48,51], cardiotoxicity or dysrhythmia [52], and hypertension or nephrotoxicity [38]. Fatalities have been reported in the setting of therapeutic or supratherapeutic levels of coingestants such as sympathomimetics [53,54], benzodiazepines and over the counter cold medications [55], antidepressants [56], muscle relaxers, and opioids [57,58].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suspected Adulteration of Commercial Kratom Products with 7-Hydroxymitragynine

et al. 2016

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Introduction Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), a plant native to Southeast Asia, has been used for centuries for its stimulant and opium-like effects. Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, exclusive to M. speciosa, are the alkaloids primary responsible for Kratom's biologic and psychoactive profile, and likely contribute to its problematic use. We purchased several commercially available Kratom analogs for analysis and through our results, present evidence of probable adulteration with the highly potent and addictive plant alkaloid, 7-hydroxymitragynine. Methods A simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed for simultaneous quantification of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine in methanol extract of marketed Kratom supplements. Results We found multiple commercial Kratom products to have concentrations of 7-hydroxymitragynine that are substantially higher than those found in raw M. speciosa leaves. Conclusions We have found multiple packaged commercial Kratom products likely to contain artificially elevated concentrations of 7-hydroxymitragynine, the alkaloid responsible for M. speciosa's concerning mechanistic and side effect profile. This study describes a unique form of product adulteration, which stresses the importance of increased dietary supplement oversight of Kratom-containing supplements.

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“…General toxicity can be accessed through organ weight measurements, in which changes in the body weight and organ weight is a sensitive indicator of toxicity in their respective studies reported that toxicity indication can be seen in organ weights rather than absolute weight of rats [10][11][12]. The study reveals that following the oral administration of leaf extract of Erytherina senegalensis that there was a significant difference in the body weight of the albino rats at doses of 8000 mg/kg (Group iv) from the 4th week to 8th week (Table 3), this may show that the extract may not be toxic, although there was a decline in the fluid and food intakes from week 2 (Tables 1 and 2), The weights and relative organ weights of the ovaries of experimental rats showed no significant difference when compared with the control, which signifies that the leaf extract of Erytherina senegalensis may be nutritional and not toxic on the albino rats and the research agreed with that there were no significant changes in the relative weights of organs between the control and treated rats [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Erytherina senegalensis on the oestrogen level and histology of ovary of an adult female albino wistar rats

Tn¹,

Dn²,

Cs³

et al. 2017

Anat Physiol

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Erytherina senegalensis are used in soups administered after delivery, also in Nigeria; it is given to women during labour to ease pain, for treatment of malaria, gastrointestinal disorders, fever, dizziness, secondary sterility, diarrhoea, jaundice, nose bleeding, pain, bronchial infection, coughs, throat inflammation and administered for venereal diseases. In view of its usage, the study sought to investigate the effect of Erytherina senegalensis leaf extract on the oestrogen level and the histology of the ovary of albino wistar rat. Fresh mature leaf samples of E. senegalensis were collected, ethanolic extract was prepared and the effect of sub-chronic oral administration of the leaf extract of E. senegalensis was studied using twenty-five female albino wistar rats. The oral administration of the leaf extract was done three times per week, for 60 days at doses of 2000 mg/kg for group 1, 4000 mg/kg for group 2, 6000 mg/kg for group 3, 8000 mg/kg body weight for group 4 and group 5 is the control group, received distilled water and food alone. The rats were anaesthetised by chloroform in a close jar and blood samples were for hormonal test, experimental rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and the ovary harvested. There was a dose dependent increase in the level of oestrogen across the groups and there was no significant alteration on the histology of the ovary across the groups. Oestrogen level and histology architecture reveals the leaf extract didn't show any sign of toxicity on the hormone and organ of the study, this may suggest that the extract may be used as female hormonal supplement and may not be toxic when administered orally.

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Acute toxicity study of the standardized methanolic extract of Mitragyna speciosa Korth in Rodent

Cited by 132 publications

References 19 publications

Kratom: a dangerous player in the opioid crisis

Kratom: a dangerous player in the opioid crisis

Suspected Adulteration of Commercial Kratom Products with 7-Hydroxymitragynine

Effect of Erytherina senegalensis on the oestrogen level and histology of ovary of an adult female albino wistar rats

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