Acute Viral Hepatitis: Simultaneous Infection from Hepatitis A, B and E Viruses

Wang

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

et al. 2023

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common cause of acute hepatitis that threatens human health worldwide. With the popularization of detection technology, the reports of hepatitis E have gradually increased. Here, we present a rare case of co-infection with hepatitis E viruses, Clonorchis sinensis and Escherichia coli. A 52-year-old man was hospitalized because of fatigue, jaundice, and nausea for more than 2 weeks. Laboratory tests showed elevated bilirubin, aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST); HEV-IgM was positive, and HEV-RNA could be detected. Moreover, parasites were found in the biliary drainage and the biliary culture, which suggested Escherichia coli. The patient was effectively treated with praziquantel, imipenem, and hepatoprotective drugs and his clinical symptoms were relieved after 2 months; total bilirubin decreased to 85.1 μmol/L, ALT decreased to 92.4 U/L, and AST decreased to 102 U/L.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-infection of hepatitis E virus, Clonorchis sinensis, and Escherichia coli: A case report

Wang

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

et al. 2023

“…These cases are rare, and few cases were described in the literature. Butt and colleagues described a 12-year boy’s case of acute viral hepatitis, where the boy was coinfected with three hepatotropic viruses, HAV, HBV, and HEV [ 120 ]. The case had elevated liver transaminases, but there were no severe complications associated with the case, suggesting that the three hepatotropic viruses did not affect each other [ 120 ].…”

Section: Outcomes Of Dual Hav/hev Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Butt and colleagues described a 12-year boy’s case of acute viral hepatitis, where the boy was coinfected with three hepatotropic viruses, HAV, HBV, and HEV [ 120 ]. The case had elevated liver transaminases, but there were no severe complications associated with the case, suggesting that the three hepatotropic viruses did not affect each other [ 120 ]. Poddar and colleagues reported another acute hepatitis case in which the patient was coinfected with HAV, HEV, and HCV [ 87 ].…”

Section: Outcomes Of Dual Hav/hev Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual Infection of Hepatitis A Virus and Hepatitis E Virus— What Is Known?

Sayed

2023

Viruses

Viral hepatitis is an infection of human hepatocytes resulting in liver damage. Dual infection of two hepatotropic viruses affects disease outcomes. The hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are two enterically transmitted viruses; they are positive single-stranded RNA viruses and have common modes of transmission. They are transmitted mainly by the fecal-oral route and ingestion of contaminated food, though the HAV has no animal reservoirs. The HAV and HEV cause acute self-limiting disease; however, the HEV, but not HAV, can progress to chronic and extrahepatic infections. The HAV/HEV dual infection was reported among acute hepatitis patients present in developing countries. The impact of the HAV/HEV on the prognosis for acute hepatitis is not completely understood. Studies showed that the HAV/HEV dual infection increased abnormalities in the liver leading to fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) with a higher mortality rate compared to infection with a single virus. On the other hand, other reports showed that the clinical symptoms of the HAV/HEV dual infection were comparable to symptoms associated with the HAV or HEV monoinfection. This review highlights the modes of transmission, the prevalence of the HAV/HEV dual infection in various countries and among several study subjects, the possible outcomes of this dual infection, potential model systems for studying this dual infection, and methods of prevention of this dual infection and its associated complications.

“…Simultaneous HDV and HBV co-infection manifests as acute hepatitis, with fever, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice. 84 There is a biphasic increase in aminotransferase, with an initial peak due to HBV replication and the second peak due to HDV viremia. 85 Another manifestation is HDV superinfection in an individual who is chronically infected with HBV.…”

Section: Hepatitis D Virus (Hdv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Hepatitis - The Road Traveled and the Journey Remaining

GF¹,

Zakaria²,

MI³

et al. 2022

HMER

Hepatitis is defined as inflammation of the liver and is commonly due to infection with The hepatotropic viruses – hepatitis A, B, C, D and E. Hepatitis carries one of the highest disease burdens globally and has caused significant morbidity and mortality among different patient populations. Clinical presentation varies from asymptomatic or acute flu-like illness to acute liver failure or chronic liver disease, characterized by jaundice, hepatomegaly and ascites among many other signs. Eventually, this can lead to fibrosis (cirrhosis) of the liver parenchyma and carries a risk of development into hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis B and C are most notorious for causing liver cirrhosis; in 2019, an estimated 296 million people worldwide had chronic hepatitis B infection and 58 million are currently estimated to have chronic hepatitis C, with 1.5 million new infections of both hepatitis B and C, occurring annually. With the help of latest serological biomarkers and viral nucleic acid amplification tests, it has become rather simple to efficiently screen, diagnose and monitor patients with hepatitis, and to commence with appropriate antiviral treatment. More importantly, the development of vaccinations against some of these viruses has greatly helped to curb the infection rates. Whilst there has been exceptional progress over the years in the management of viral hepatitis, many hurdles still remain which must be addressed in order to proceed towards a hepatitis-free world. This review will shed light on the origin and discovery of the hepatitis viruses, the global epidemiology and clinical symptoms, diagnostic modalities, currently available treatment options, the importance of prevention, and the journey needed to move forward towards the eradication of its global disease burden.