ACVIM consensus update on Lyme borreliosis in dogs and cats

Littman, Meryl P.; Gerber, Bernhard; Goldstein, Richard E.; Labato, Mary Anna; Lappin, Michael R.; Moore, George E.

doi:10.1111/jvim.15085

Cited by 124 publications

(169 citation statements)

References 136 publications

(294 reference statements)

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“…Unfortunately, we do not know the clinical rationale veterinarians had for testing each of the dogs that had results included in the analysis. Routine, annual screening of clinically normal dogs for tickborne agents to facilitate early detection and treatment is recommended by advisory groups such as the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine [9], but targeted testing of sick dogs also occurs and may have influenced the outcome. Prevalence of vector-borne infections also are likely to be affected by the age of the dogs tested, lifestyle and tick exposure risk, and overall health status, but that information was not available for inclusion in the analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Humans infected with Bb often present with an erythema migrans rash and mild flu-like symptoms; if untreated, arthritis, carditis, or neurological disease may develop [8]. Infection with Bb is considered asymptomatic in many dogs, but some canine patients will develop arthritis, and, less commonly, severe, fatal glomerulonephritis [9]. People with disease due to Ap initially develop fever, headache, and myalgia which, if untreated, can progress to renal failure and respiratory distress [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trends in canine seroprevalence to Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma spp. in the eastern USA, 2010–2017

et al. 2019

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Background Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are tick-borne infections transmitted by Ixodes scapularis in the eastern USA; both agents cause disease in dogs and people. To characterize changes in seroprevalence over time, Cochran Armitage trend tests were used to evaluate percent positive test results for antibodies to B. burgdorferi and Anaplasma spp. in approximately 20 million canine tests from 2010–2017 in 25 states and 905 counties in the eastern USA. Results A significant decreasing trend in seroprevalence to B. burgdorferi was evident in eight states along the mid-Atlantic coast from Virginia to New Hampshire, and in Wisconsin. In contrast, a continued increasing trend was evident in five northeastern and Midwestern states where Lyme borreliosis is endemic or emerging, as well as in three southern states where endemicity has not yet been widely established. Similarly, seroprevalence to Anaplasma spp. showed a significant, although smaller, decreasing trend in five states along the mid-Atlantic coast from Virginia to Connecticut and Rhode Island, as well as in Minnesota and Wisconsin in the Midwest; despite the fact that those trends were significant they were weak. However, a strong increasing trend was evident in Massachusetts and three states in northern New England as well as in Pennsylvania. Conclusions As expected, seroprevalence continued to increase in regions where Lyme borreliosis and anaplasmosis are more newly endemic. However, the declining seroprevalence evident in other areas was not anticipated. Although the reasons for the decreasing trends are not clear, our finding may reflect shifting ecologic factors that have resulted in decreased infection risk or the combined positive influence of canine vaccination, tick control, and routine testing of dogs in regions where these infections have long been endemic. Analysis of trends in canine test results for tick-borne infections continues to be a valuable tool to understand relative geographical and temporal risk for these zoonotic agents.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in canine seroprevalence to Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma spp. in the eastern USA, 2010–2017

et al. 2019

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“…Interestingly, almost half of the owners of cats with fleas did not know that their cat was affected. In some cases, external parasites can introduce other more serious diseases, such as Lyme disease, but, with limited research on this topic, the impacts on cat welfare are unclear [20].…”

Section: Increased Disease and Parasite Susceptibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncontrolled Outdoor Access for Cats: An Assessment of Risks and Benefits

Tan

Stellato

Niel

2020

Animals

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Uncontrolled outdoor access is associated with a number of welfare concerns for companion cats, including increased risks of disease and parasites, injury or death due to traffic, predation or ingestion of toxic substances, and getting permanently separated from their owner. In addition, cats pose a threat to local wildlife due to predatory behaviors, and can sometimes be a nuisance to human neighbors. Despite these concerns, recent estimates suggest that many owners are still providing their cats with uncontrolled outdoor access, likely because it also offers welfare benefits by allowing cats to perform natural behaviors, such as hunting, exploring, and climbing. While some have suggested that outdoor access is necessary to meet cats’ behavioral needs and to prevent related behavioral problems, others have recommended various environmental enrichment strategies that can be developed to meet these needs within an indoor environment or through supervised and controlled outdoor access. This review examines the welfare issues and benefits associated with outdoor access for cats, as well as what is currently known about peoples’ practices, knowledge, and attitudes about the provision of outdoor access for cats.

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“…112 Cardiologic manifestations are not well documented in dogs, and there are few reports associating Borrelia spp with canine myocarditis, usually via IHC, and no specific criterion for the diagnosis of cardiac borreliosis in dogs. 33,57,73,76 In dogs, descriptions vary from pyogranulomatous 33 to chronic lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic myocarditis with fibrosis, 57,73 the latter similar to human Lyme carditis. 42 We did not detect Borrelia spp by PCR in our cohort of cases from a Lyme endemic area, but tissue detection in experimentally infected dogs can be sporadic.…”

Section: Bacterial Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Causes of Canine Myocarditis and Myocardial Fibrosis Are Elusive by Targeted Molecular Testing: Retrospective Analysis and Literature Review

et al. 2019

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Myocarditis can cause death or permanent heart damage. As epidemiologic and etiopathologic data for canine myocarditis are lacking, we performed a retrospective study using nucleic acid extracted from archived (2007 to 2015) tissues from myocarditis cases and control dogs without myocardial lesions. Heart tissue from pediatric/juvenile and adult dogs was tested with a comprehensive panel of conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeting recognized agents of canine myocarditis based on a literature review and informed by the comparative epidemiology of human myocarditis. The PCR screen, which included canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2), canine distemper virus, canine herpesvirus, Borrelia spp, West Nile virus, adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, pneumovirus, respiratory coronavirus, influenza virus, Bartonella spp, Rickettsia spp, Mycoplasma spp, and Neospora caninum, did not detect agents in 35 of 66 cases (53%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 41%-65%) and was frequently negative in adults (21/26); by comparison, agents were not detected in 27 of 57 controls (47%; 95% CI, 35%-60%). Canine distemper virus, herpesvirus, adenovirus, coronavirus, parainfluenza virus, Mycoplasma haemocanis, and N. caninum were occasionally detected in both cases and controls; thus, PCR detection was not considered to indicate causation. We previously reported that CPV-2 continues to be associated with myocarditis in young dogs despite widespread vaccination; in adults, CPV-2 was detected in 2 of 26 cases and 4 of 22 controls. As several agents were similarly detected in cases and controls, it is unclear if these are cardiopathogenic, incidental, or latent. West Nile virus was detected at the analytic limit in 1 adult case. We did not detect Borrelia spp, Bartonella spp, Rickettsia spp, or influenza A virus in the myocarditis cases. These data demonstrate the limitations of current targeted diagnostic tests and the need for additional research to identify unknown agents and develop testing strategies for canine myocarditis.

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ACVIM consensus update on Lyme borreliosis in dogs and cats

Cited by 124 publications

References 136 publications

Trends in canine seroprevalence to Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma spp. in the eastern USA, 2010–2017

Trends in canine seroprevalence to Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma spp. in the eastern USA, 2010–2017

Uncontrolled Outdoor Access for Cats: An Assessment of Risks and Benefits

The Causes of Canine Myocarditis and Myocardial Fibrosis Are Elusive by Targeted Molecular Testing: Retrospective Analysis and Literature Review

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