Acylated and nonacylated ghrelin levels and their associations with insulin resistance in obese and normal weight children with metabolic syndrome

Pacifico, Lucia; Poggiogalle, Eleonora; Costantino, Francesco; Anania, Caterina; Ferraro, F.; Chiarelli, Francesco; Chiesa, Claudio

doi:10.1530/eje-09-0375

Cited by 97 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…On the other hand, our result was not supported by other workers who showed a negative correlation between total ghrelin and the levels of insulin [11,26,27,28]. Furthermore, many earlier studies showed that ghrelin has been shown to inhibit insulin release in some experimental situations [24,29].…”

Section: Ghrelin Level Versus Insulin Levelcontrasting

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Type 2 Diabetes and Total Ghrelin Level in a Population Sample in the United Arab Emirates

Farajallah¹,

Ahmed²,

Abdullah³

et al. 2014

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Section: Ghrelin Level Versus Insulin Levelcontrasting

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Type 2 Diabetes and Total Ghrelin Level in a Population Sample in the United Arab Emirates

Farajallah¹,

Ahmed²,

Abdullah³

et al. 2014

iosrphr

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“…Regarding the two forms of ghrelin, UAG seems to be lower and therefore the AG/UAG ratio is higher in obese (OB) children with and without metabolic syndrome compared with normal weight (NW) children (13,14). Instead, children that fail to thrive, show AG and total ghrelin levels more elevated than control subjects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acylated/unacylated ghrelin ratio in cord blood: correlation with anthropometric and metabolic parameters and pediatric lifespan comparison

Bellone

Prodam²,

Savastio³

et al. 2012

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Context: Ghrelin is a peptide with multiple functions that circulates in acylated (AG) and unacylated (UAG) forms. However, the role of ghrelin in neonates (NN) remains to be clarified. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine ghrelin concentrations of the two forms in NN to clarify their biological roles. As such, ghrelin levels at birth were compared with those in later life. Setting and design: Tertiary Care Center. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated AG, UAG, AG/UAG ratio, and insulin levels in venous cord blood from NN and in fasted normal weight (NW) and obese (OB) children, both prepubertal and pubertal. Subjects: We studied 82 NN, 82 NW, and 58 OB children. Results: AG levels were lower in NN than in NW and OB children (P!0.0001), more specifically the prepubertal NW and OB children (P!0.0001). UAG levels were higher in NN than in NW and OB children (P!0.0001). Therefore, the AG/UAG ratio was lower in NN than in NW and OB children (P!0.0001). NN showed insulin levels similar to NW and lower than OB children (P!0.0001). At birth UAG was positively correlated with AG (Pearson: 0.425; P!0.0001) and negatively with insulin (K0.253; P!0.02). In NW and OB, UAG and AG were positively correlated to each other and negatively correlated with insulin and body mass index (K0.566; P!0.0001). Conclusions: NN compared with children, showed higher UAG and lower AG levels. The AG/UAG ratio showed a very different profile in NN, being lower than in NW and OB children, thus suggesting a different metabolic function for the two forms in NN. Further studies are needed to clarify the exact role of the different ghrelin forms in NN.

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“…Gauna et al reported that administration of AG in humans reduces insulin sensitivity, whereas the combination of AG plus UAG strongly improves insulin sensitivity [105]. Another studies reported that the dysregulation of AG/UAG ratio could play a role in pathogenesis of insulin resistance and diabetes [106,107].…”

Section: Effects Of Ghrelin and Hexarelin On Insulin Secretion And Glmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of ghrelin and hexarelin in diabetes and diabetes-associated heart diseases

et al. 2015

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Ghrelin and its synthetic analog hexarelin are specific ligands of growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) receptor. GHS have strong growth hormone-releasing effect and other neuroendocrine activities such as stimulatory effects on prolactin and adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion. Recently, several studies have reported other beneficial functions of GHS that are independent of GH. Ghrelin and hexarelin, for examples, have been shown to exert GH-independent cardiovascular activity. Hexarelin has been reported to regulate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) in macrophages and adipocytes. PPAR-γ is an important regulator of adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitization. Ghrelin also shows protective effects on beta cells against lipotoxicity through activation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase B, c-Jun N-terminal kinase ( JNK) inhibition, and nuclear exclusion of forkhead box protein O1. Acylated ghrelin (AG) and unacylated ghrelin (UAG) administration reduces glucose levels and increases insulinproducing beta cell number, and insulin secretion in pancreatectomized rats and in newborn rats treated with streptozotocin, suggesting a possible role of GHS in pancreatic regeneration. Therefore, the discovery of GHS has opened many new perspectives in endocrine, metabolic, and cardiovascular research areas, suggesting the possible therapeutic application in diabetes and diabetic complications especially diabetic cardiomyopathy. Here, we review the physiological roles of ghrelin and hexarelin in the protection and regeneration of beta cells and their roles in the regulation of insulin release, glucose, and fat metabolism and present their potential therapeutic effects in the treatment of diabetes and diabetic-associated heart diseases. Disciplines Medicine and Health Sciences Publication DetailsMosa, R., Zhang, Z., Shao, R., Deng, C., Chen, J. & Chen, C. (2015). Implications of ghrelin and hexarelin in diabetes and diabetes-associated heart diseases. Endocrine, 49 (2) AbstractGhrelin and its synthetic analog hexarelin are specific ligands of growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) receptor. GHS have strong growth hormone-releasing effect and other neuroendocrine activities such as stimulatory effects on prolactin and adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion. Recently, several studies have reported other beneficial functions of GHS that are independent of GH. Ghrelin and hexarelin, for examples, have been shown to exert GH-independent cardiovascular activity. Hexarelin has been reported to regulate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) in macrophages and adipocytes. PPAR-γ is an important regulator of adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitization. Ghrelin also shows protective effects on beta cells against lipotoxicity through activation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase B, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibition, and nuclear exclusion of forkhead box protein O1. Acylated ghrelin (AG) and unacylated ghrelin (UAG) administration redu...

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Acylated and nonacylated ghrelin levels and their associations with insulin resistance in obese and normal weight children with metabolic syndrome

Cited by 97 publications

References 49 publications

The Relationship between Type 2 Diabetes and Total Ghrelin Level in a Population Sample in the United Arab Emirates

The Relationship between Type 2 Diabetes and Total Ghrelin Level in a Population Sample in the United Arab Emirates

Acylated/unacylated ghrelin ratio in cord blood: correlation with anthropometric and metabolic parameters and pediatric lifespan comparison

Implications of ghrelin and hexarelin in diabetes and diabetes-associated heart diseases

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