Abstract:One of the most successful mechanisms enabling fungi to survive in extreme subaerial environments is by formation of mutualistic symbioses with algae and/or cyanobacteria as lichens. Collections, field and mineral weathering studies and developments in modern instrumental and analytical techniques have considerably advanced knowledge in understanding tolerance mechanisms to stress, environmental adaptation, species concepts and evolutionary processes in lichens colonising metalliferous habitats. This review fo… Show more
“…As lichens also take up and tolerate metals in the thallus, they are used for environmental monitoring of industrial pollution (Garty, 2001). The production of metal oxalates (e.g., hydrated copper oxalate, manganese oxalate or lead oxalate) is a common adaptive biological mechanism for metal detoxification in lichens (reviewed by Purvis, 2014). Superficial oxalates on the thallus surface may help deflect the amount of light reaching the lichen photobiont and therefore help lichens to survive in extreme environments.…”
Section: Lichen Tolerance To Toxic Compoundsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…An additional detoxification response to heavy metals is found in Lecanora polytropa. Phytochelatin (cysteinerich peptides derived from glutathione) is produced to chelate these metals intracellularly (reviewed by Purvis, 2014).…”
Section: Lichen Tolerance To Toxic Compoundsmentioning
Lichens represent self-supporting symbioses, which occur in a wide range of terrestrial habitats and which contribute significantly to mineral cycling and energy flow at a global scale. Lichens usually grow much slower than higher plants. Nevertheless, lichens can contribute substantially to biomass production. This review focuses on the lichen symbiosis in general and especially on the model species Lobaria pulmonaria L. Hoffm., which is a large foliose lichen that occurs worldwide on tree trunks in undisturbed forests with long ecological continuity. In comparison to many other lichens, L. pulmonaria is less tolerant to desiccation and highly sensitive to air pollution. The name-giving mycobiont (belonging to the Ascomycota), provides a protective layer covering a layer of the green-algal photobiont (Dictyochloropsis reticulata) and interspersed cyanobacterial cell clusters (Nostoc spec.). Recently performed metaproteome analyses confirm the partition of functions in lichen partnerships. The ample functional diversity of the mycobiont contrasts the predominant function of the photobiont in production (and secretion) of energy-rich carbohydrates, and the cyanobiont’s contribution by nitrogen fixation. In addition, high throughput and state-of-the-art metagenomics and community fingerprinting, metatranscriptomics, and MS-based metaproteomics identify the bacterial community present on L. pulmonaria as a surprisingly abundant and structurally integrated element of the lichen symbiosis. Comparative metaproteome analyses of lichens from different sampling sites suggest the presence of a relatively stable core microbiome and a sampling site-specific portion of the microbiome. Moreover, these studies indicate how the microbiota may contribute to the symbiotic system, to improve its health, growth and fitness.
“…As lichens also take up and tolerate metals in the thallus, they are used for environmental monitoring of industrial pollution (Garty, 2001). The production of metal oxalates (e.g., hydrated copper oxalate, manganese oxalate or lead oxalate) is a common adaptive biological mechanism for metal detoxification in lichens (reviewed by Purvis, 2014). Superficial oxalates on the thallus surface may help deflect the amount of light reaching the lichen photobiont and therefore help lichens to survive in extreme environments.…”
Section: Lichen Tolerance To Toxic Compoundsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…An additional detoxification response to heavy metals is found in Lecanora polytropa. Phytochelatin (cysteinerich peptides derived from glutathione) is produced to chelate these metals intracellularly (reviewed by Purvis, 2014).…”
Section: Lichen Tolerance To Toxic Compoundsmentioning
Lichens represent self-supporting symbioses, which occur in a wide range of terrestrial habitats and which contribute significantly to mineral cycling and energy flow at a global scale. Lichens usually grow much slower than higher plants. Nevertheless, lichens can contribute substantially to biomass production. This review focuses on the lichen symbiosis in general and especially on the model species Lobaria pulmonaria L. Hoffm., which is a large foliose lichen that occurs worldwide on tree trunks in undisturbed forests with long ecological continuity. In comparison to many other lichens, L. pulmonaria is less tolerant to desiccation and highly sensitive to air pollution. The name-giving mycobiont (belonging to the Ascomycota), provides a protective layer covering a layer of the green-algal photobiont (Dictyochloropsis reticulata) and interspersed cyanobacterial cell clusters (Nostoc spec.). Recently performed metaproteome analyses confirm the partition of functions in lichen partnerships. The ample functional diversity of the mycobiont contrasts the predominant function of the photobiont in production (and secretion) of energy-rich carbohydrates, and the cyanobiont’s contribution by nitrogen fixation. In addition, high throughput and state-of-the-art metagenomics and community fingerprinting, metatranscriptomics, and MS-based metaproteomics identify the bacterial community present on L. pulmonaria as a surprisingly abundant and structurally integrated element of the lichen symbiosis. Comparative metaproteome analyses of lichens from different sampling sites suggest the presence of a relatively stable core microbiome and a sampling site-specific portion of the microbiome. Moreover, these studies indicate how the microbiota may contribute to the symbiotic system, to improve its health, growth and fitness.
“…Crustose species, however, have the most intimate contact with their substrate, resulting in high levels of elemental accumulation [62]. Metal accumulation from the substrate in foliose and fruticose lichens is much lower and the metals are mostly restricted to the lowermost portions of thalli [63][64][65].…”
Section: Secondary Metabolite Diversity On Different Rocksmentioning
Diversity of secondary lichen metabolites and their relationship to substrate and environmental parameters were studied in saxicolous lichens in the Middle and South Urals of Russia. Atranorin, usnic acid, gyrophoric acid, zeorin, norstictic acid, antraquinones and stictic acid were found in 73, 42, 41, 37, 36, 35 and 32 species, respectively, of 543 taxa collected. One hundred and ninety six species (i.e., 36% of total species documented) contained no secondary metabolites. Spectra of secondary metabolites of crustose lichens varied on different rock types, while in fruticose and foliose groups only those species without lichen acids were dependent on the substrate type. In Canonical Correspondence Analysis, secondary lichen metabolites were subdivided into groups depending on the concentration of Ca and metals in the substrate. Gyrophoric, lobaric, psoromic, rhizocarpic and stictic acids were common in crustose lichens in metal-poor habitats; species with antraquinones and lichens without any secondary metabolites were most abundant on limestone (alkalic and metal-poor), while other common lichen metabolites had no to minimal dependence on the chemistry of the substrate. The two additional abiotic factors affecting the composition of secondary metabolites were the maximum temperature of the warmest month and elevation. Our results suggest a range of possible relationships exist among lichen acids, rocks and climatic parameters. Furthermore, the same metabolite may affect both accumulation of metals and stress tolerance under unfavorable conditions.
“…Fr.’ (Purvis et al . 2012, 2013; Purvis 2014) as previous investigations by Øvstedal & Lewis Smith indicated that Antarctic specimens named as A. badiofusca differed in apothecial anatomy compared with northern European specimens. Fig. 1 A, Myriospora signyensis sampling site (yellow cross), lower slope of Manhaul Rock, 16 November 2009; B, close-up of sampling site showing Myriospora distribution (yellow box); C, field photograph showing colour variation from black, melanised to rust orange-brown and its tendency to colonize schist growing more or less perpendicular to the mineral cleavage plane; D photo-diagram of C showing the relationship between Myriospora thalli and mineral components.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Fig. 2)(Purvis et al 2012(Purvis et al , 2013Purvis 2014). Following the treatment byØvstedal & Lewis Smith (2001), it was provisionally named 'Acarospora cf.…”
Myriospora signyensis Purvis, Fdez-Brime, M. Westb. & Wedin is described from Signy Island, South Orkney Islands, Antarctica, where it occurs predominantly on quartz mica schist. This represents the first record of the genus for Antarctica. The distinctive interrupted photobiont arrangement places it within the genus Myriospora (formerly known as the ‘Acarospora’ smaragdula group, or Silobia). The new species is characterized by having large, distinctly elevated, sessile apothecia with a prominent margin and a thallus that is usually lobed at the margins and variously orange-red, rust-coloured or brown-pigmented. Molecular phylogenetic analyses inferred with strong support that M. signyensis is closely related to M. scabrida which is similar in having a lobed, imbricate thallus with large and frequently somewhat raised apothecia, but which differs in never being rusty red, by frequently having a larger number of apothecia per areole/squamule and by having a thick and distinctive thalline epinecral layer. Myriospora signyensis is otherwise most similar to M. dilatata but the thallus of M. dilatata is never imbricate-lobate and the ascomata of M. signyensis have larger and more distinctly raised and sessile apothecia. A worldwide key to the 10 species currently recognized in the genus is presented.
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