Adaptation of Local Grapevine Germplasm: Exploitation of Natural Defence Mechanisms to Biotic Stresses

Muganu, Massimo; Paolocci, Marco

doi:10.5772/51976

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 108 publications

(127 reference statements)

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“…The duration of the latent period indicates the time required for the pathogen to produce sporangia on the lesion surface. A longer latent period may result from reduced hyphal growth in the mesophyll of the host plant due to the thickness of the spongy mesophyll and cell walls 4,22,62 . A longer latent period may also result from a reduced number or functioning of haustoria resulting from HR 14 , such that the flow of nutrients from host cells to the intercellular mycelium is reduced.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Components of partial resistance to Plasmopara viticola enable complete phenotypic characterization of grapevine varieties

Bove

Rossi

2020

Sci Rep

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Six components of partial resistance (RCs) were studied in 15 grapevine varieties with partial resistance to Plasmopara viticola: (i) infection frequency (ifR, proportion of inoculation sites showing sporulation), (ii) latent period (LP50, degree-days between inoculation and appearance of 50% of the final number of sporulating lesions), (iii) lesion size (LS, area of single lesions in mm 2), (iv) production of sporangia (SpoR, number of sporangia produced per lesion, and SpoR', number of sporangia produced per mm 2 of lesion), (v) infectious period (ip, number of sporulation events on a lesion), and (vi) infectivity of sporangia (INF, infection efficiency of sporangia produced on resistant varieties). Artificial inoculation monocycle experiments were conducted for a 3-year period on leaves collected at leaf development, flowering, and fruit development. Compared to the susceptible variety 'Merlot', the partially resistant varieties showed reduced ifR, longer Lp, smaller LS, fewer SpoR and SpoR', shorter ip, and lower INF. At leaf development, IFR, SPOR, and INF were higher and LP was shorter than at flowering and fruit development. RCs analysis through monocyclic experiments provides reliable assessments of the resistance response of grapevine accessions. The workload required for routine assessment in breeding programs could be reduced by measuring IFR and SPOR, while producing robust results. Downy mildew (DM) of grapevine is a serious disease caused by the obligate, biotrophic Oomycete Plasmopara viticola 1. P. viticola originated from North America, was introduced in Europe in the 1870 s 2 , and spread across the continent in the following years 1. The level of partial resistance to DM varies widely among Vitis species and cultivars 3,4. The Eurasian grapevine V. vinifera, which is widely cultivated for its agronomic and quality traits, is generally susceptible to DM, whereas Asian and American Vitis species (e.g., V. riparia and V. rupestris) show varying degrees of resistance 5 because of their coevolution with the pathogen. The partial resistance to P. viticola is conferred to grapevines by specific loci referred to as Rpvs (resistance to P. viticola) 6 ; partial resistance has also been found in V. vinifera germplasm 7. Breeding programs have been implemented based on the hybridization of American Vitis spp. with V. vinifera for the introgression of resistance genes into the domesticated background of V. vinifera. Some of the breeding lines, after several cycles of backcrossing, gained more than 80% of V. vinifera genetic background 8 , and incorporated one or more (pyramided) Rpvs. Some reports, which characterized partially resistant varieties under vineyard conditions, indicate a reduction in the speed of DM epidemics on resistant varieties in comparison with susceptible grapevine ones 9,10. Since the early 1900s, several partially resistant varieties with good grape quality and in some cases capable of producing a vinifera-like wine 11-13 have been selected and released by breeders. The resistance res...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Components of partial resistance to Plasmopara viticola enable complete phenotypic characterization of grapevine varieties

Bove

Rossi

2020

Sci Rep

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“…sylvestris, a wild species indigenous to Transcaucasia (Olmo 1976) and the Mediterranean region (Arroyo-García et al 2006, Grassi et al 2003. During the 19th century, several grape pathogens, notably DM and powdery mildew, were introduced from North America into Europe, where those pathogens caused serious losses in V. vinifera production (Muganu & Paolocci 2013, Reisch et al 2012. Many crosses between V. vinifera and wild species have been made to develop disease-resistant cultivars (Eibach & Töpfer 2014, Reisch & Pratt 1996.…”

Section: Grapevine Downy Mildewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaf Trichomes as an Effective Structure for Disease Resistance: The Case of Grapevine Downy Mildew

Kono

Shimizu

2020

JARQ

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Leaf trichomes confer pest resistance. Dense trichomes could also present a physical barrier to microorganisms, such as grapevine downy mildew caused by Plasmopara viticola on grape. Zoospores of P. viticola swim in water and enter stomata. Some wild Vitis accessions such as V. labrusca and V. cinerea have highly hydrophobic, dense, prostrate trichomes on the lower leaf surface that repel water and enhance resistance to downy mildew. Quantitative trait loci for leaf trichome density have been identified on LGs 5, 7, 8, and 15 of grapevine. A major locus on LG 5 was found in V. vinifera 'Muscat of Alexandria,' which has few leaf trichomes. Hairless alleles on LG 5 in historical V. vinifera cultivars reduce trichome density in the progeny of V. labrusca origin. Applying information on these loci in breeding programs would allow the introduction of this natural physical barrier against pathogenic microorganisms into cultivars.

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“…We observed that stomata dimension and density are influenced by polyploidization, being larger in size and less numerous in tetraploids. This characteristic can affect infections, as stomata are one of the major portals for pathogen penetration [76]. Studies carried out on several grapevine varieties reported a positive correlation between susceptibility to downy mildew and stomatal density [75].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autotetraploid Emergence via Somatic Embryogenesis in Vitis vinifera Induces Marked Morphological Changes in Shoots, Mature Leaves, and Stomata

Catalano

Abbate

Motisi

et al. 2021

Cells

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Polyploidy plays an important role in plant adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses. Alterations of the ploidy in grapevine plants regenerated via somatic embryogenesis (SE) may provide a source of genetic variability useful for the improvement of agronomic characteristics of crops. In the grapevine, the SE induction process may cause ploidy changes without alterations in DNA profile. In the present research, tetraploid plants were observed for 9.3% of ‘Frappato’ grapevine somatic embryos regenerated in medium supplemented with the growth regulators β-naphthoxyacetic acid (10 µM) and N6-benzylaminopurine (4.4 µM). Autotetraploid plants regenerated via SE without detectable changes in the DNA profiles were transferred in field conditions to analyze the effect of polyploidization. Different ploidy levels induced several anatomical and morphological changes of the shoots and mature leaves. Alterations have been also observed in stomata. The length and width of stomata of tetraploid leaves were 39.9 and 18.6% higher than diploids, respectively. The chloroplast number per guard cell pair was higher (5.2%) in tetraploid leaves. On the contrary, the stomatal index was markedly decreased (12%) in tetraploid leaves. The observed morphological alterations might be useful traits for breeding of grapevine varieties in a changing environment.

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Adaptation of Local Grapevine Germplasm: Exploitation of Natural Defence Mechanisms to Biotic Stresses

Cited by 6 publications

References 108 publications

Components of partial resistance to Plasmopara viticola enable complete phenotypic characterization of grapevine varieties

Components of partial resistance to Plasmopara viticola enable complete phenotypic characterization of grapevine varieties

Leaf Trichomes as an Effective Structure for Disease Resistance: The Case of Grapevine Downy Mildew

Autotetraploid Emergence via Somatic Embryogenesis in Vitis vinifera Induces Marked Morphological Changes in Shoots, Mature Leaves, and Stomata

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