Adaptation of the Kinetics of Glucose Transport to Environmental Conditions in the Yeast Candida utilis CBS 621: a Continuous-culture Study

Postma, Erik; Scheffers, W. A.; Dijken, Johannes P. van

doi:10.1099/00221287-134-5-1109

Cited by 45 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In aerobic, glucose-limited chemostat cultures of the yeast Candida utilis, the residual substrate concentration can be described by Monod kinetics (Postma et al 1988). Up to gmax, the metabolism of C. utilis is fully respiratory, and byproduct formation is negligible.…”

Section: Steady State Kinetics Of Sugar Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of growth and sugar consumption in yeasts

Dijken¹,

Weusthuis²,

Pronk³

1993

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

187

112

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An overview is presented of the steady-and transient state kinetics of growth and formation of metabolic byproducts in yeasts. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is strongly inclined to perform alcoholic fermentation. Even under fully aerobic conditions, ethanol is produced by this yeast when sugars are present in excess. This so-called 'Crabtree effect' probably results from a multiplicity of factors, including the mode of sugar transport and the regulation of enzyme activities involved in respiration and alcoholic fermentation. The Crabtree effect in S. cerevisiae is not caused by an intrinsic inability to adjust its respiratory activity to high glycolytic fluxes. Under certain cultivation conditions, for example during growth in the presence of weak organic acids, very high respiration rates can be achieved by this yeast. S. cerevisiae is an exceptional yeast since, in contrast to most other species that are able to perform alcoholic fermentation, it can grow under strictly anaerobic conditions.'Non-Saccharomyces' yeasts require a growth-limiting supply of oxygen (i.e. oxygen-limited growth conditions) to trigger alcoholic fermentation. However, complete absence of oxygen results in cessation of growth and therefore, ultimately, of alcoholic fermentation. Since it is very difficult to reproducibly achieve the right oxygen dosage in large-scale fermentations, non-Saccharornyces yeasts are therefore not suitable for largescale alcoholic fermentation of sugar-containing waste streams. In these yeasts, alcoholic fermentation is also dependent on the type of sugar. For example, the facultatively fermentative yeast Candida utilis does not ferment maltose, not even under oxygen-limited growth conditions, although this disaccharide supports rapid oxidative growth.

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Section: Steady State Kinetics Of Sugar Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of growth and sugar consumption in yeasts

Dijken¹,

Weusthuis²,

Pronk³

1993

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

187

112

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“…In addition, the higher protein content also necessitates an increased ammonium uptake, which is an energy-requiring process. The most significant difference, however, lies in the fact that, in contrast to S.cerevisiae which takes up glucose by facilitated diffusion (Lang & Cirillo 1987;Romano 1982), C. utilis exhibits active transport of glucose (Eddy & Hopkins 1985;Peinado et al 1989;Postma et al 1988). Therefore, with an H+/ ATP stoichiometry of the plasma membrane ATPase of 1 (Malpartida & Serrano 1981;Nelson & Taiz 1989;Perlin et al 1986), and a H+/sugar stoichiometry of 1 (Peinado et al 1989), the transport on one mol of glucose requires 1 mol ATP.…”

Section: Experimental Analysis Of Growth Yields Of Yeasts In Aerobic mentioning

confidence: 99%

A theoretical evaluation of growth yields of yeasts

Verduyn

Stouthamer

Scheffers

et al. 1991

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

216

176

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Growth yields of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida utilis in carbon-limited chemostat cultures were evaluated. The yields on ethanol and acetate were much lower in S. cerevisiae, in line with earlier reports that site I phosphorylation is absent in this yeast. However, during aerobic growth on glucose both organisms had the same cell yield. This can be attributed to two factors: -S. cerevisiae had a lower protein content than C. utilis; -uptake of glucose by C. utilis requires energy whereas in S. cerevisiae it occurs via facilitated diffusion. Theoretical calculations showed that, as a result of these two factors, the ATP requirement for biomass formation in C. utilis is 35% higher than in S. cerevisiae (theoretical YATP values of 20.8 and 28.1, respectively). The experimental YATP for anaerobic growth of S. cerevisiae on glucose was 16 g biomass-mol ATP -1.In vivo P/O-ratios can be calculated for aerobic growth on ethanol and acetate, provided that the gap between the theoretical and experimental ATP requirements as observed for growth on glucose is taken into account. This was done in two ways: -via the assumption that the gap is independent of the growth substrate (i.e. a fixed amount of ATP bridges the difference between the theoretical and experimental values). -alternatively, on the assumption that the difference is a fraction of the total ATP expenditure, that is dependent on the substrate. Calculations of P/O-ratios for growth of both yeasts on glucose, ethanol, and acetate made clear that only by assuming a fixed difference between theoretical and experimental ATP requirements, the P/O-ratios are more or less independent of the growth substrate. These P/O-ratios are approximately 30% lower than the calculated mechanistic values.

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“…Cells used in this assay were harvested from the chemostat and used without further treatment at a concentration of 2-2-2.6 g 1-l. For all species tested the uptake of sugar was linear with time for at least 20 s. The specific activity of the label used was 0.1-100 mCi mmol-l (3-7 GBq mmol-l). From the uptake measurements the kinetic parameters were calculated using Hanes plots (Postma et al, 1988).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some yeasts can transport glucose by an inducible high-affinity (K, 20-200 p .~) proton symport mechanism. Examples are: Kluyveromyces marxianus (Gasnier, 1987;Van den Broek et al, 1986) and Candida species (Spencer-Martins & van Uden, 1985a;Postma et al, 1988). In a recent paper Loureiro-Dias (1988) reported, on the basis of a study with 205 different yeast species, that induction of this proton symport mechanism at low glucose concentrations is particularly common in the genera Rhodotorula, Candida and Hansenula.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucose Transport in Crabtree-positive and Crabtree-negative Yeasts

et al. 1989

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The kinetic parameters of glucose transport in four Crabtree-positive and four Crabtreenegative yeasts were determined. The organisms were grown in aerobic glucose-limited chemostats at a dilution rate of 0.1 h-l . The results show a clear correlation between the presence of high-affinity glucose transport systems and the absence of aerobic fermentation upon addition of excess glucose to steady-state cultures. The presence of these H+-symport systems could be established by determination of intracellular accumulation of 6-deo~y-[~H]glucose and alkalinization of buffered cell suspensions upon addition of glucose. In contrast, the yeasts that did show aerobic alcoholic fermentation during these glucose pulse experiments had low-affinity facilitated-diffusion carriers only. In the yeasts examined the capacity of the glucose transport carriers was higher than the actual glucose consumption rates during the glucose pulse experiments. The relationship between the rate of sugar consumption and the rate of alcoholic fermentation was studied in detail with Saccharomyces cereuisiae. When S . cerevisiae was pulsed with low amounts of glucose or mannose, in order to obtain submaximal sugar consumption rates, fermentation was already occurring at sugar consumption rates just above those which were maintained in the glucose-limited steady-state culture. The results are interpreted in relation with the Crabtree effect. In Crabtree-positive yeasts, an increase in the external glucose concentration may lead to unrestricted glucose uptake by facilitated diffusion and hence, to aerobic fermentation. In contrast, Crabtree-negative yeasts may restrict the entry of glucose by their regulated H+-symport systems and thus prevent the occurrence of overflow metabolism.

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Adaptation of the Kinetics of Glucose Transport to Environmental Conditions in the Yeast Candida utilis CBS 621: a Continuous-culture Study

Cited by 45 publications

References 23 publications

Kinetics of growth and sugar consumption in yeasts

Kinetics of growth and sugar consumption in yeasts

A theoretical evaluation of growth yields of yeasts

Glucose Transport in Crabtree-positive and Crabtree-negative Yeasts

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