Adaptation to heat stress: a qualitative study from Eastern India

Abstract

Background: Heat stress adversely impacts a growing proportion of individuals in India. The heat-related lived experiences of Indians in smaller towns and villages are largely unknown. 
Methods: We conducted seven structured focus group discussions (FGD) in the town of Dalkhola, West Bengal, India; with five to ten participants in each group. All conversations were digitally audio recorded, transcribed into Bengali, and then translated to English. Two researchers separately performed a thematic analysis of the transcripts to identify common themes pertaining to the ‘effects of heat’ and ‘coping strategies’ used by participants. 
Results: A total of 56 (mean age 48.9 ± 17.6; female 61%; scheduled tribe 9%) individuals participated. There was wide variation in individual experiences of heat, with some people preferring to work in the winter while others preferred the summer. Housing characteristics, nature of work, gender and access to water and green spaces heavily influenced an individual's vulnerability to heat stress. Trees were seen as the primary coping strategy for heat stress (regardless of vulnerability), though many participants noted a loss of tree cover in their vicinity. Cool drinking water from public taps and electric fans (particularly table fans) were other preferred coping mechanisms. Many participants did not have adequate access to cool drinking water or electric fans, leading to increased adverse experiences from heat. Based on participant input, several action items were identified for municipal and state/central governments, schools, and private organizations. 
Conclusion: Individuals affected by heat have a clear preference for nature-based solutions. This is in contrast with the current design of most heat action plans in India, which put more emphasis on infrastructure, information dissemination and behavioural solutions. Various agencies (governments, schools, private organizations) seeking to adapt to increasing heat stress need to better integrate citizen perspectives into their heat action plans.

Content Analysis of International News About the Heat Waves in India

“…The increase in hospital admissions due to heat mentioned in the corpus reinforces the need for robust adaptation policies discussed by the authors. Khetan et al (2024) explore adaptations to heat stress in vulnerable communities, revealing that nature-based solutions are the preferred coping strategies. "On Thursday a labourer admitted with a heat stroke died while receiving treatment at a hospital in Delhi."…”

“…However, India is facing droughts and the study of its combat should also be taken into account (Ganguli, 2023). Khetan et al (2024) highlight measures taken by the most vulnerable population, being nature-based solutions such as trees and fresh drinking water. Ramalho et al (2024) report that these strategies need to be legitimate and report that there needs to be public spending on environmental management.…”