Adaptation to the chicken intestine in Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 studied by transcriptional analysis

Dhawi, A.; Elazomi, Altayeb; Jones, Michael A.; Lovell, M. A.; Li, H.; Emes, Richard D.; Barrow, Paul

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.07.013

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…In birds, allantoin can be found in the serum and is used as a carbon source during S. Enteritidis infection of chickens (25). Inactivation of the genes encoding the regulator allS and the degradative enzyme allD in S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum, respectively, means that neither can use allantoin.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of genome evolution that have accompanied host adaptation in Salmonella

Langridge

Fookes

Connor

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

219

233

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Many bacterial pathogens are specialized, infecting one or few hosts, and this is often associated with more acute disease presentation. Specific genomes show markers of this specialization, which often reflect a balance between gene acquisition and functional gene loss. Within Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica, a single lineage exists that includes human and animal pathogens adapted to cause infection in different hosts, including S. enterica serovar Enteritidis (multiple hosts), S. Gallinarum (birds), and S. Dublin (cattle). This provides an excellent evolutionary context in which differences between these pathogen genomes can be related to host range. Genome sequences were obtained from ∼60 isolates selected to represent the known diversity of this lineage. Examination and comparison of the clades within the phylogeny of this lineage revealed signs of host restriction as well as evolutionary events that mark a path to host generalism. We have identified the nature and order of events for both evolutionary trajectories. The impact of functional gene loss was predicted based upon position within metabolic pathways and confirmed with phenotyping assays. The structure of S. Enteritidis is more complex than previously known, as a second clade of S. Enteritidis was revealed that is distinct from those commonly seen to cause disease in humans or animals, and that is more closely related to S. Gallinarum. Isolates from this second clade were tested in a chick model of infection and exhibited a reduced colonization phenotype, which we postulate represents an intermediate stage in pathogen-host adaptation.Salmonella | host adaptation | pseudogene | metabolism

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of genome evolution that have accompanied host adaptation in Salmonella

Langridge

Fookes

Connor

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

219

233

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“…Furthermore, microarray work conducted within our group demonstrated that genes of S. Enteritidis Pathogenicity Island (SPI-1, SPI-2 and SPI-5) are up-regulated in vivo indicating a close association with the mucosa during colonization [32]. It is thus likely that the antigenic profile of Salmonella during the infection of antigenpresenting cells is very different from that of Salmonellae during intestinal colonisation, or that the proteins may have some immune-suppressive effects [45].…”

Section: Atmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The in vivo preparation would have contained a number of antigens that are expressed in the very earliest stages of infection and these may have been important. Moreover, certain genes that encode some important antigens such as LPS and flagella were down-regulated in the intestine of chickens [17,32].…”

Section: Atmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is thus likely that the antigenic profile of Salmonella during the infection of antigenpresenting cells is very different from that of Salmonellae during intestinal colonisation, or that the proteins may have some immune-suppressive effects [45]. The immunogenicity of bacteria harvested from macrophage infections has not been assessed but given that the biology of Salmonella organisms is very different in the gut and in macrophages [17,32,33], as candidate antigen presenting cells, this would be a worthwhile experiment to do. This may suggest that growth of bacteria in the gut to generate a more rational inactivated vaccine may be less important than culturing them in the conditions found within an antigen presenting cell.…”

Section: Atmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most extensive currently used inactivated vaccine is produced by culturing Salmonella bacteria under conditions of iron restriction, on the basis that this will generate immunogenic surface proteins required for iron uptake [52]. However, other factors besides iron restriction are important during infection of macrophages [33], or of the intestine [32,75]. Killed vaccines stimulate antibody production and express only the antigens present at the time of in vitro harvesting [64,72].…”

Section: Atmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2017

JMEN

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Salmonella enterica can be considered as one of the most important causes of foodpoisoning with poultry thought to be the main source. Although S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis and the vast majority of other Salmonella serovars generally produce little systemic disease in adult chickens, they are able to colonize the alimentary tract of poultry. The two caeca are the main sites of the colonization of Salmonellae in chickens, and the bacteria can be easily harvested from the caeca for analysis. Bacterial proteins analyses utilizing SDS-PAGE showed differences between in vitro and in vivo that out of about 40 protein bands of in vitro preparation only a few (3-5) bands can be visualized from in vivo preparations. We suggested that some avian proteases might be responsible. Accordingly, and to investigate the hypothesis that an inactivated vaccine harvested from chickens is thought to be more protective than bacteria grown in broth culture, the immunogenicity of inactivated vaccines, either proteins or formalin killed bacteria (S. Enteritidis) harvested from chicken intestine and those from broth culture (in vitro), were compared using bacterial proteins or formalin killed bacteria as an orally inoculated vaccine candidate in chicken. The results demonstrated that sonicated proteins extracts in general have a stronger effect as vaccines against S. Enteritidis colonization in chickens than formalin killed bacteria. In contrast, the in vitro sonicated proteins obtained from a nutrient broth culture had a much better protective vaccine effect than the in vivo sonicated proteins preparations harvested from bacteria grown in chickens. IntroductionMany bacterial pathogens such as Clostridium, Staphylococcus, Campylobacter and many other bacterial strains are capable of causing food-poisoning, and Salmonella enterica can be considered as one of the most important causes with poultry thought to be the main source. Although S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis and the vast majority of other Salmonella serovars generally produce little systemic disease in adult chickens, they are able to colonize the alimentary tract of poultry, resulting in contamination of poultry carcasses and entry into the human food chain. However, there is a great demand to control food-poisoning salmonellosis at both breeder and layer levels at the national and global level in order to produce Salmonelle-free poultry products, due to the current correlation between S. Enteritidis PT4 and poultry products. Salmonellosis costs the European Union a minimum of 500-900 million Euros annually. Salmonellosis in food animals is a major target for reduction of human infection by the European Union. Legislation has been introduced to monitor the most important Salmonellae serovars. The major Salmonellae serovars of public health consequence are S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis (causing 15% and 60% respectively of all cases in Europe in 2002).Elazomi and Dhawi studied newly-hatched chickens infected with S. Enteritidis. They analyzed proteins of S. Enteritidis...

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SalmonellaInfections

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2019

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Adaptation to the chicken intestine in Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 studied by transcriptional analysis

Cited by 20 publications

References 43 publications

Patterns of genome evolution that have accompanied host adaptation in Salmonella

Patterns of genome evolution that have accompanied host adaptation in Salmonella

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SalmonellaInfections

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