“…It allows benefiting both from the rapidity of the analytical model (coarse model) and the accuracy of the FEM (fine model) by aligning them (Bandler et al, 1994;Jonathan et al, 2014). The SM technique has been applied successfully for the optimal design of electromagnetic devices, such as linear actuator (Stéphane et al, 2011), transformer (Berbecea et al, 2012Tran et al, 2010) and permanent magnet machine (Legranger et al, 2010). Classically, two models with different granularities are used in the SM technique, the fine model is often FEM, and the coarse model can be an analytical one or a surrogate model, or it can also be a FEM but with coarse mesh.…”