Adaptive Behavior and Learning

Staddon, J. E. R.

doi:10.1017/cbo9781139998369

Cited by 71 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 223 publications

(292 reference statements)

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“…Forgetting typically follows a systematically decreasing function in which performance gradually decreases as the retention interval lengthens. The form of the function could be logarithmic (Woodworth & Shlosberg, 1954), power (Wixted & Carpenter, 2007;Wixted & Ebbesen, 1991), exponential (White, 1985), hyperbolic (Staddon, 1983), or exponential in the square root of time (Harper & White, 1997;White, 2001). These were among the best-fitting functions of the large number that Rubin and Wenzel (1996) fitted to data from over 200 studies with both humans and nonhumans.…”

Section: Forgetting Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forgetting from Short-Term Memory in Delayed Matching to Sample: A Reinforcement Context Model

White¹,

Brown²

2014

CCBR

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Short-term memory in nonhuman animals is typically studied in delayed matching to sample, with variation in the retention interval or delay between the to-be-remembered sample and subsequently presented choice or comparison stimuli. The forgetting function, which relates the systematic decrease in discriminability to increasing delay, is well described by an exponential in the square root of time, with an intercept and slope that vary systematically with different conditions, such as sample-stimulus disparity, retention-interval conditions, and reward parameters. We argue that the rewards for accurate matching are relative to the reinforcement context, which includes rewards R o for extraneous or other behaviors. Forgetting results from competition between R o and rewards for the delayed matching task. We suggest that R o acts to shift attention from the memory task to extraneous behavior, and that R o grows as a linear function of time in the retention interval. By incorporating these assumptions in the model proposed by White and Wixted (1999), we accurately predict the time course of forgetting under a variety of different conditions for delayed matching.

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Section: Forgetting Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forgetting from Short-Term Memory in Delayed Matching to Sample: A Reinforcement Context Model

White¹,

Brown²

2014

CCBR

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“…Although using trial-and-error to solve the confinement problem in our study can be characterized as at least a rudimentary example of operant conditioning (Staddon 1983), learning based on operant conditioning is usually envisaged as solving a problem and then remembering the solution for some considerable time afterwards. Our current objectives did not include a full consideration of the extent to which spartaeines rely on learning or of how long the spartaeine’s memory persists.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solving a novel confinement problem by spartaeine salticids that are predisposed to solve problems in the context of predation

Cross

Jackson

2014

Anim Cogn

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Especially intricate predatory strategies are widespread in the salticid subfamily Spartaeinae. The hypothesis we consider here is that the spartaeine species that are proficient at solving prey-capture problems are also proficient at solving novel problems. We used nine species from this subfamily in our experiments. Eight of these species (two Brettus, one Cocalus, three Cyrba, two Portia) are known for specialized invasion of other spiders’ webs and for actively choosing other spiders as preferred prey (‘araneophagy’). Except for Cocalus, these species also use trial-and-error to derive web-based signals with which they gain dynamic fine control of the resident spider’s behaviour (‘aggressive mimicry’).The ninth species, Paracyrba wanlessi, is not araneophagic and instead specializes at preying on mosquitoes. We presented these nine species with a novel confinement problem that could be solved by trial and error. The test spider began each trial on an island in a tray of water, with an atoll surrounding the island. From the island, the spider could choose between two potential escape tactics (leap or swim), but we decided at random before the trial which tactic would fail and which tactic would achieve partial success. Our findings show that the seven aggressive-mimic species are proficient at solving the confinement problem by repeating ‘correct’ choices and by switching to the alternative tactic after making an ‘incorrect’ choice. However, as predicted, there was no evidence of C. gibbosus or P. wanlessi, the two non-aggressive-mimic species, solving the confinement problem. We discuss these findings in the context of an often-made distinction between domain-specific and domain-general cognition.

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“…Zauważmy teraz, że bardzo dobrze zapamiętywane są te czynności, które trzeba było podjąć w sytuacji, gdy wydarza się coś nieoczekiwanego (Staddon, 2010). Podobne wnioski sformułowane są w teoriach Rescorli--Wagnera i Pearce'a-Halla (Pearce, 2008, s. 62-91).…”

Section: Zabawa Jako Nauka Redukcji Poczucia Niepewności Poprzez Reduunclassified

The Playing Role in Reduction of the Level of Uncertainty

Schetz

2017

Analiza I Egzystencja

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Adaptive Behavior and Learning

Cited by 71 publications

References 223 publications

Forgetting from Short-Term Memory in Delayed Matching to Sample: A Reinforcement Context Model

Forgetting from Short-Term Memory in Delayed Matching to Sample: A Reinforcement Context Model

Solving a novel confinement problem by spartaeine salticids that are predisposed to solve problems in the context of predation

The Playing Role in Reduction of the Level of Uncertainty

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