Adaptive complex‐EKF‐based DOA estimation for GPS spoofing detection

Abstract

In this study, a simple but effective spoofing detection method using a global positioning system (GPS) directional antenna is proposed which exploits the difference between the estimated direction-of-arrival (DOA) and the measured DOA from a GPS almanac and ephemeris data. The receiving signal's DOA is estimated by using a single antenna power measurementbased complex extended Kalman filter (EKF) which is a complex valued state space based estimation technique. Furthermore, an adaptive logic is applied to the complex EKF to reduce the effect of the measurement disturbance. To maintain the validity of the proposed algorithm, it is assumed that the spoofer is aware of the target's location, but that its DOA is not perfectly the same as that of the authentic GPS signal. In addition, the orientation of the directional antenna is known by using an attitude and heading reference system that is attached to the antenna, and its antenna radiation pattern is also known. The proposed detection method is evaluated using a theoretical analysis and simulations. It is finally confirmed that the proposed algorithm can detect a spoofing signal according to the different direction angles of the spoofing signal, and especially those with low DOAs.

Spoofer-to-Target Association in Multi-Spoofer Multi-Target Scenario for Stealthy GPS Spoofing

“…9, we can infer that random assignment and power tunability algorithms achieves lesser PRMSE for the case of low measurement noise and is in the range of [2][3][4][5]m which is in agreement with civilian GPS. Moreover, for the higher value of measurement noise, the PRMSE is in the range of [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]m; this is usually seen in low precision GPS devices. The GNN assignment and opportunistic algorithms fail to make a correct target-to-spoofer assignment.…”

“…Besides these methods, there are spatial processing and reference positioning-based anti-spoofing techniques without redesigning the receiver module [22]- [24]. The spatial processing techniques include the direction of arrival discrimination multiple antennas or a single antenna with multiple feeds or oscillatory motions [25]. The drawback of this approach is the dependence on multiple numbers of antennas and antenna motion-induced effects.…”

Contemporary GPS Security Mechanisms

“…A multiple antenna spoofer will fool this technique. To overcome such limitations authors in [44] [45] Author in [46] has proposed a prediction based adaptive algorithm for GPS Spoofing detection.…”

Prediction‐discrepancy based on innovative particle filter for estimating UAV true position in the presence of the GPS spoofing attacks

“…The GPS spoofer attacks with layered models are classified in [7]. Indeed, the susceptibility of the GPS receivers against the spoofing is divided into three categories of vulnerability at the signal level [8], at the data bits and at the level of positioning calculations [9]. The GPS spoofing detection is mainly considered from signal, physical and system aspects.…”