“…with bias adaptation law (22), guarantees that lim t→∞ (q i − q j ) = 0 (for all i, j ∈ {1, 2, … , n}), lim t→∞ q = 0 and lim t→∞ (b i − bk i ) = 0 (for all i, k ∈ {1, 2, … , n}) exponentially (beyond the collective initial excitation window, i.e., t ⩾ T) for sufficiently large 𝜇 IF > 0, while ensuring that the trajectories of the closed-loop system given by ( 9), (12), and ( 23) are uniformly bounded. Remark 4.…”