Adaptive Divergence of Trophic Phenotype among Freshwater Populations of the Threespine Stickleback (<i>Gasterosteus aculeatus</i>)

Lavin, Patrick A.; McPhail, J. D.

doi:10.1139/f86-305

Cited by 160 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Habitat has been shown to generate resource polymorphism in fish. For example, where fish of the same species occupy different habitats some species developed different body shapes and the ability to consume different prey types (Lavin and McPhail, 1986;Ehlinger and Wilson, 1988;Malmquist, 1992;Svanbäck and Eklöv, 2002). In this study, off-ridge juvenile red snapper had deeper heads, whereas onridge juveniles had more streamlined heads.…”

Section: Habitat Effects On Juvenile Red Snapper Feedingmentioning

confidence: 58%

Feeding biomechanics of juvenile red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) from the northwestern Gulf of Mexico

Case

Westneat

Marshall

2008

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYJuvenile red snapper settle across several complex habitats, which function as nurseries for young fish. Little is known about their life history or feeding biomechanics during this time. However, recent studies have shown higher growth rates for juveniles located on mud habitats adjacent to low profile reefs, perhaps because of varied prey availability and abundance. To further investigate the habitat needs of juvenile red snapper and test hypotheses of feeding development, individuals were collected from a low profile shell ridge and adjacent mud areas on Freeport Rocks, TX, USA, and divided into three size classes (≤3.9, 4.0-5.9, ≥6.0 cm SL). Output from a dynamic lever model suggested an ontogenetic shift in feeding morphology. Biomechanical modeling also predicted that off-ridge juveniles would have slower, stronger jaws compared with on-ridge juveniles. Kinematic profiles obtained from actual feeding events validated the modelsʼ predictive ability. Analysis of prey capture events demonstrated that on-ridge juveniles exhibited larger jaw displacements than off-ridge juveniles. Shape analysis was used to further investigate habitat effects on morphology. Off-ridge juveniles differed from on-ridge juveniles in possessing a deeper head and body. Results from model simulations, kinematic profiles, behavioral observations and shape analysis all compliment the conclusion that onridge juveniles exhibited more suction feeding behavior, whereas off-ridge juveniles used more biting behavior. Habitat disparity and possibly available prey composition generated variations in juvenile feeding biomechanics and behavior that may affect recruitment.

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Section: Habitat Effects On Juvenile Red Snapper Feedingmentioning

confidence: 58%

Feeding biomechanics of juvenile red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) from the northwestern Gulf of Mexico

Case

Westneat

Marshall

2008

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…As in the species pairs, the divergent suites of characters adapt the ecotypes to their respective environments (Hagen & Gilbertson 1972;McPhail 1984;Lavin & McPhail 1985, 1986, and are clearly related to di¡erences in trophic habitat even among lakes within a single drainage (Lavin & McPhail 1985). Each form is more e¤cient at foraging on the resource for which it is specialized than it is on the other (Lavin & McPhail 1986;Ibrahim & Huntingford 1988;Schluter 1993Schluter , 1995.…”

Section: (B) Parallel Divergence In Allopatrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nested biological variation and speciation

Foster

Scott

Cresko

1998

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

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The modes of speciation that are thought to have contributed most to the generation of biodiversity require population di¡erentiation as the initial stage in the speciation process. Consequently, a complete understanding of the mechanisms of speciation requires that the process be examined not just after speciation is complete, or nearly so, but also much earlier. Because reproductive isolation de¢nes biological species, and it evolves slowly, study of the process may require a prohibitive span of time. Even if speciation could be observed directly, selection of populations in the process of speciation is typically di¤cult or impossible, because those that will ultimately undergo speciation cannot be distinguished from those that will di¡er-entiate but never assume the status of new biological species. One means of circumventing this problem is to study speciation in taxa comprising several sibling species, at least one of which exhibits extensive population di¡erentiation. We illustrate this approach by exploring patterns of population variation in the postglacial radiation of the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. We focus on lacustrine populations and species within this complex, demonstrating parallel axes of divergence within populations, among populations and among species. The pattern that emerges is one of parallel relationships between phenotype and ¢tness at all three hierarchical levels, a pattern that facilitates exploration of the causes and consequences of speciation and secondary contact. A second outcome of this exploration is the observation that speciation can be the consequence of a cascade of e¡ects, beginning with selection on trophic or other characteristics that in turn force the evolution of other population characteristics that precipitate speciation. Neither of these conclusions could have been reached without comparative studies of wild populations at several hierarchical levels, a conclusion reinforced by a brief survey of similar e¡orts to elucidate the process of speciation. We address the issues most likely to be resolved using this approach, and suggest that comparisons of natural variation within taxa at several hierarchical levels may substantially increase our understanding of the speciation process.

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“…In some cases, this diversification has led to the formation of new species [61][62][63][64][65]. These speciation events in stickleback correspond to significant environmental differences, such as salinity and temperature variation between ocean and freshwater habitats, or benthic and limnetic niches in fresh water [63,[66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75]. Research has progressed rapidly in defining the genetic basis of some evolving traits in freshwater stickleback [62,[76][77][78], including variation in armour, coloration and craniofacial attributes, among others [79][80][81][82][83][84].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extensive linkage disequilibrium and parallel adaptive divergence across threespine stickleback genomes

Hohenlohe

Bassham

Currey

et al. 2012

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

201

226

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Population genomic studies are beginning to provide a more comprehensive view of dynamic genomescale processes in evolution. Patterns of genomic architecture, such as genomic islands of increased divergence, may be important for adaptive population differentiation and speciation. We used nextgeneration sequencing data to examine the patterns of local and long-distance linkage disequilibrium (LD) across oceanic and freshwater populations of threespine stickleback, a useful model for studies of evolution and speciation. We looked for associations between LD and signatures of divergent selection, and assessed the role of recombination rate variation in generating LD patterns. As predicted under the traditional biogeographic model of unidirectional gene flow from ancestral oceanic to derived freshwater stickleback populations, we found extensive local and long-distance LD in fresh water. Surprisingly, oceanic populations showed similar patterns of elevated LD, notably between large genomic regions previously implicated in adaptation to fresh water. These results support an alternative biogeographic model for the stickleback radiation, one of a metapopulation with appreciable bidirectional gene flow combined with strong divergent selection between oceanic and freshwater populations. As predicted by theory, these processes can maintain LD within and among genomic islands of divergence. These findings suggest that the genomic architecture in oceanic stickleback populations may provide a mechanism for the rapid re-assembly and evolution of multi-locus genotypes in newly colonized freshwater habitats, and may help explain genetic mapping of parallel phenotypic variation to similar loci across independent freshwater populations.

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Adaptive Divergence of Trophic Phenotype among Freshwater Populations of the Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

Cited by 160 publications

References 19 publications

Feeding biomechanics of juvenile red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) from the northwestern Gulf of Mexico

Feeding biomechanics of juvenile red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) from the northwestern Gulf of Mexico

Nested biological variation and speciation

Extensive linkage disequilibrium and parallel adaptive divergence across threespine stickleback genomes

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