“…The mesh dependency is attributed to the mass, momentum, and energy coupling between the discrete droplets and carrier gas phase, and the spray sub-models. The Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) method has been implemented to numerically better resolve the gas-droplet interphase transfer using locally high mesh resolution (Chang and Haworth, 1997;Senecal et al, 2007;Xue et al, 2008;Xue and Kong, 2009) with less computational penalty. Grid convergence studies for fuel spray were conducted by Senecal et al (2013a) with a Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) turbulence model and by Senecal et al (2013b); Xue et al (2013b); Senecal et al (2014) with different sub-grid scale models in large eddy simulations (LES) on finest mesh resolutions of 0.03125mm by using AMR and fixed embedding techniques.…”