Adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks

Abstract

In the recent past, a significant increase has been observed in the use of underwater wireless sensor networks for aquatic applications. However, underwater wireless sensor networks face several challenges including large propagation delays, high mobility, limited bandwidth, three-dimensional deployments, expensive manufacturing, and energy constraints. It is crucial for underwater wireless sensor networks to mitigate all these limitations primarily caused by the harsh underwater environment. To address some of the pertinent challenges, adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding routing protocol is proposed in this article which is based on the adaptive hop-by-hop vector-based forwarding. The novelty of adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding includes increasing the transmission reliability in sparse sensor regions by changing the base angle of the cone according to the network structure. The number of duplicate packets and end-to-end delay is also reduced because of the reduced base angle and a smart selection criterion for the potential forwarder node. The proposed routing protocol adaptively tunes the height and opening of the cone based on the network structure to effectively improve the performance of the network. Conclusively, this approach significantly reduces energy tax, end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio.

EA-VBF, an underwater acoustic sensor network protocol that balances node residual energy and packet relay count

“…In 2020, Imran Ullah Khan et al [13] proposed a vector based hop by hop adaptive forwarding protocol (AHH-VBF), which modifies the parameters of conical pipelines through a network structure. It reduces energy, reduces end-to-end latency, improves packet delivery rate.…”

Towards Energy-Efficient and Delay-Optimized Opportunistic Routing in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks for IoUT Platforms: An Overview and New Suggestions

“…By using the residual energy, link reliability, packet advancement ratio, and EnOR change the priority of transmission level. Adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding protocol [57] tries to improve the reliability of data transmissions in the sparse sensor regions by making some modifications to the base angle of the cone as per the network structure. ese protocols improve the network performance by reducing the number of duplicate packets and also enable a better selection of the potential forwarder node.…”

An Effective Data-Collection Scheme with AUV Path Planning in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

“…Most of the existing data-collection approaches in UWSN can be categorized into hop-by-hop, cluster-based, and AUV-assisted [16][17][18]. In hop-by-hop, data packets are transmitted from the source sensor to the destination in a hop-by-hop manner.…”