Adaptive image steganography using contourlet transform

Fakhredanesh, Mohammad; Rahmati, Mohammad; Safabakhsh, Reza

doi:10.1117/1.jei.22.4.043007

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…These techniques have a lower payload but they are more robust against statistical attacks. Some examples of transform domain techniques are the discrete wavelength transform technique [23], discrete Fourier transform technique [24], discrete cosine transform techniques [25,26], and contourlet transform technique [27].The simplest and most basic spatial domain steganographic method is LSB substitution, which hides secret data inside a cover image. With this method, the least significant bits of the carrier image pixels are replaced with the secret data bits.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel magic LSB substitution method (M-LSB-SM) using multi-level encryption and achromatic component of an image

Muhammad

Sajjad

Mehmood

et al. 2015

Multimed Tools Appl

141

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Image Steganography is a thriving research area of information security where secret data is embedded in images to hide its existence while getting the minimum possible statistical detectability. This paper proposes a novel magic least significant bit substitution method (M-LSB-SM) for RGB images. The proposed method is based on the achromatic component (Iplane) of the hue-saturation-intensity (HSI) color model and multi-level encryption (MLE) in the spatial domain. The input image is transposed and converted into an HSI color space. The Iplane is divided into four sub-images of equal size, rotating each sub-image with a different angle using a secret key. The secret information is divided into four blocks, which are then encrypted using an MLE algorithm (MLEA). Each sub-block of the message is embedded into one of the rotated sub-images based on a specific pattern using magic LSB substitution. Experimental results validate that the proposed method not only enhances the visual quality of stego images but also provides good imperceptibility and multiple security levels as compared to several existing prominent methods.Steganographic methods are broadly classified into spatial domain and transform domain methods. In the spatial domain, the gray levels of the original carrier image are directly modified for encoding the secret data. These techniques employ a high payload but are vulnerable to image processing manipulations and statistical attacks such as image cropping, image compressing, noise attacks and chi-square attack. Some examples of spatial domain techniques include LSB [8][9][10][11], gray-level modification method [12], edges based embedding techniques [4,[13][14][15][16], pixel indicator techniques (PIT) [17,18], pixel value differencing techniques [19,20], pixel pair matching method [21], and tri-way pixel value differencing method [22]. In transform domain, the image is converted from the spatial domain to the transform domain and the image coefficients are modified to hide secret information. These techniques have a lower payload but they are more robust against statistical attacks. Some examples of transform domain techniques are the discrete wavelength transform technique [23], discrete Fourier transform technique [24], discrete cosine transform techniques [25,26], and contourlet transform technique [27].The simplest and most basic spatial domain steganographic method is LSB substitution, which hides secret data inside a cover image. With this method, the least significant bits of the carrier image pixels are replaced with the secret data bits. Payload capacity of the LSB method can be increased if more than 1 LSBs are used for message embedding, but it makes noticeable changes in the carrier image. Wang et.al, [28] presented a genetic algorithm based on an LSB substitution scheme for improving the stego image quality. The Wang et.al, approach requires more processing time, which is its major shortcoming. To reduce the complexity of the Wang et.al, scheme, Chang et.al,[29] proposed a fast algorithm...

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confidence: 99%

A novel magic LSB substitution method (M-LSB-SM) using multi-level encryption and achromatic component of an image

Muhammad

Sajjad

Mehmood

et al. 2015

Multimed Tools Appl

141

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…7e that the best partition, the one with minimal distortion and thus it creates the best route for data embedding, is the 7th partition with the distortion value of 2. On the other hand, if the dynamic blocking and searching for the best partition ideas proposed in this paper are not used, the distortion value will be equal to 6, because in this case the sequence (12,5,17,26,41,3,9,12,15,8,17,6) will be obtained by traversing the pixels of the block shown in Fig. 7a in a raster scan manner.…”

Section: An Illustration Of Finding the Best Partitionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The modulus distance is d=(9 -7) mod 16=2 and b x 2 ; b y 2 ð Þ = (2, 0). Therefore, we replace (7,8) by (7+2, 8+0)= (9,8). In the data extraction procedure the secret digit can be obtained using the extraction function f. Following the example, the secret digit is computed as follows: s B =f (9, 8)=(9+ 6×8) mod 16=9.…”

Section: Hong and Chen's Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Note that the operator ┴ in line 11 is a symbol for concatenating two matrices horizontally (e.g. [1,2,3; 4,5,6] ┴ [7,8,9]= [1,2,3; 4,5,6; 7,8,9]). Table 1 shows the number of partitions of a strip with the width of 512 for some different values of c v , l, and u.…”

Section: Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In terms of the embedding domains, image steganographic algorithms can be classified into two types; the ones that embed in the spatial domain [15][16][17][18]29] and the others that embed in the frequency domain [9,30]. The LSB-based steganography [20,21,28] is the most popular approach in the spatial domain, in which the least significant bits of a cover image are overwritten with the data bit stream in a route according to a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG).…”

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confidence: 99%

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An efficient steganographic framework based on dynamic blocking and genetic algorithm

Iranpour

Rahmati

2014

Multimed Tools Appl

Self Cite

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An important property of any robust steganographic method is that it must introduce minimal distortion in the created stego-images. This objective is achieved if one can maximize the similarity between the pixels value of the cover image and the secret data. In the proposed framework, the maximal similarity is obtained by arranging some routes along the pixel positions. Our novel method is based on dynamic blocking and the genetic algorithm which decreases the distortion produced by a base data embedding method. In the proposed parametric framework, the cover image is first divided into several horizontal static-size strips. Then each strip is partitioned into some dynamic-size blocks. The size of each block is determined using the genetic algorithm such that minimal distortion is produced. Traversing the blocks of a strip in a raster scan manner, the route for embedding the data into the strip is obtained. The best route is considered to be the one which partition a strip into different blocks with different sizes. The embedding route is raster scan of the partitioned blocks. In our framework, only the sizes of the blocks need to be recorded as the overhead instead of the routes. The experimental results evaluated on 2000 natural images using several steganalytic algorithms demonstrate that our proposed method decreases the image distortion and thus enhances the security.

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Dual-Level Security based Cyclic18 Steganographic Method and its Application for Secure Transmission of Keyframes during Wireless Capsule Endoscopy

Muhammad

Sajjad

2016

J Med Syst

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In this paper, the problem of secure transmission of sensitive contents over the public network Internet is addressed by proposing a novel data hiding method in encrypted images with dual-level security. The secret information is divided into three blocks using a specific pattern, followed by an encryption mechanism based on the three-level encryption algorithm (TLEA). The input image is scrambled using a secret key, and the encrypted sub-message blocks are then embedded in the scrambled image by cyclic18 least significant bit (LSB) substitution method, utilizing LSBs and intermediate LSB planes. Furthermore, the cover image and its planes are rotated at different angles using a secret key prior to embedding, deceiving the attacker during data extraction. The usage of message blocks division, TLEA, image scrambling, and the cyclic18 LSB method results in an advanced security system, maintaining the visual transparency of resultant images and increasing the security of embedded data. In addition, employing various secret keys for image scrambling, data encryption, and data hiding using the cyclic18 LSB method makes the data recovery comparatively more challenging for attackers. Experimental results not only validate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in terms of visual quality and security compared to other state-of-the-art methods, but also suggest its feasibility for secure transmission of diagnostically important keyframes to healthcare centers and gastroenterologists during wireless capsule endoscopy.

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Adaptive image steganography using contourlet transform

Cited by 16 publications

References 43 publications

A novel magic LSB substitution method (M-LSB-SM) using multi-level encryption and achromatic component of an image

A novel magic LSB substitution method (M-LSB-SM) using multi-level encryption and achromatic component of an image

An efficient steganographic framework based on dynamic blocking and genetic algorithm

Dual-Level Security based Cyclic18 Steganographic Method and its Application for Secure Transmission of Keyframes during Wireless Capsule Endoscopy

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