Adaptive radiation of the comatulid crinoids

Meyer, David L.; Macurda, Donald B.

doi:10.1017/s0094837300005121

Cited by 167 publications

(137 citation statements)

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“…For example, it comes as a surprise to many that some modern stalked crinoids may crawl with their arms (Baumiller and Messing 2007), and the stalkless comatulids can use the same structures for walking or swimming (Meyer and Macurda 1977). They are thus benthic, but certainly not sessile.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The camerate crinoid Scyphocrinites Zenker in the Upper Silurian or Lower Devonian of New Brunswick, Canada

Donovan

Miller²

2014

atgeol

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The middle Paleozoic Scyphocrinites Zenker has a distal attachment modified into a globular flotation structure and, uniquely for a crinoid, joined the obligate plankton. Such a flotation structure has been found in the Indian Point Formation (Pridolian to Lochkovian) of Flatlands, northern New Brunswick. It is most likely of Pridolian (Late Silurian) age based on the primitive morphology. The identification is confirmed by the globular gross morphology, multi-plated calcite structure, age and similarity to coeval fossils from Cornwall, southwestern England.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The camerate crinoid Scyphocrinites Zenker in the Upper Silurian or Lower Devonian of New Brunswick, Canada

Donovan

Miller²

2014

atgeol

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“…Although predation by fish on crinoids and its evolutionary consequences have received the most attention (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27), sparse data indicated that crinoids may be the prey of benthic invertebrates (28), most notably sea urchins (17-19, 29, 30). Recently it has been shown that during the Triassic, the radiation of cidaroid sea urchins capable of handling the crinoid skeleton coincided with high frequency of bite marks on crinoids likely produced by the jaw apparatus of these sea urchins (18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The bite traces we report were culled from among other traces on the basis of their similarity to traces found on crinoid skeletal elements retrieved from the guts and feces of extant cidaroids (17,18). Furthermore, we collected data for stalk fragments only, as stalks are most likely to be bitten by benthic organisms, such as sea urchins, rather than fish, which have been shown to focus on crinoid arms and cups (21)(22)(23)(24)(25). The repeated co-occurrence of sea urchins at the localities from which crinoids with bite marks were recovered is also consistent with this interpretation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Predator-induced macroevolutionary trends in Mesozoic crinoids

Gorzelak

Salamon

Baumiller

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Sea urchins are a major component of recent marine communities where they exert a key role as grazers and benthic predators. However, their impact on past marine organisms, such as crinoids, is hard to infer in the fossil record. Analysis of bite mark frequencies on crinoid columnals and comprehensive genus-level diversity data provide unique insights into the importance of sea urchin predation through geologic time. These data show that over the Mesozoic, predation intensity on crinoids, as measured by bite mark frequencies on columnals, changed in step with diversity of sea urchins. Moreover, Mesozoic diversity changes in the predatory sea urchins show a positive correlation with diversity of motile crinoids and a negative correlation with diversity of sessile crinoids, consistent with a crinoid motility representing an effective escape strategy. We contend that the Mesozoic diversity history of crinoids likely represents a macroevolutionary response to changes in sea urchin predation pressure and that it may have set the stage for the recent pattern of crinoid diversity in which motile forms greatly predominate and sessile forms are restricted to deep-water refugia.echinoderms | escalation | macroecology I t has long been hypothesized that predator-prey interactions represent a significant driving force of evolutionary change in the history of life (1-4). However, not only is predation itself hard to detect in the fossil record, which makes it difficult to ascertain its intensity over geologic time, but macroevolutionary predictions of the hypothesis are far from simple (5-13). Recent sea urchins (Echinoidea), are known to play a key role in shallow sea ecosystems as grazers and benthic predators that can modify the distribution, abundance, and species composition of coral and algal reef communities (14-16); however, only few data have hinted at the importance of sea urchins to crinoids (17)(18)(19).Crinoids (Crinoidea), commonly known as sea lilies or feather stars, were one of the dominant components of many shallow-sea environments through much of geologic history and a key contributor to the sedimentary record (20). Although predation by fish on crinoids and its evolutionary consequences have received the most attention (21-27), sparse data indicated that crinoids may be the prey of benthic invertebrates (28), most notably sea urchins (17-19, 29, 30). Recently it has been shown that during the Triassic, the radiation of cidaroid sea urchins capable of handling the crinoid skeleton coincided with high frequency of bite marks on crinoids likely produced by the jaw apparatus of these sea urchins (18). Because it was also during the Triassic that various modes of active and passive motility appeared among crinoids, a group that throughout its rich pre-Triassic history was almost exclusively sessile, it was argued that crinoid motility, an effective escape strategy against benthic predation, was an evolutionary response to echinoid predation (18).The hypothesized evolutionary response of crinoids to benthic pr...

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“…2B and Table S2). Considering the rarity of fossil crinoids with preservation of organic pigments and the poor fossil record of intact Cenozoic crinoids (2,3), the analytical data of fossil and extant crinoids strongly suggest that hypericinoids were common crinoidal pigments throughout the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, presumably with a monophyletic origin within the ancestral Articulata (Fig. 3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following the end-Permian mass extinction, which almost led to the disappearance of the Crinoidea, the post-Paleozoic crinoids, all grouped in the subclass Articulata (2), underwent a major evolutionary radiation and diversification that led to the development of free-living crinoids and to the offshore displacement of stalked crinoids (2,3).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent and widespread occurrence of bioactive quinone pigments during post-Paleozoic crinoid diversification

Wolkenstein

2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Secondary metabolites often play an important role in the adaptation of organisms to their environment. However, little is known about the secondary metabolites of ancient organisms and their evolutionary history. Chemical analysis of exceptionally well-preserved colored fossil crinoids and modern crinoids from the deep sea suggests that bioactive polycyclic quinones related to hypericin were, and still are, globally widespread in post-Paleozoic crinoids. The discovery of hypericinoid pigments both in fossil and in presentday representatives of the order Isocrinida indicates that the pigments remained almost unchanged since the Mesozoic, also suggesting that the original color of hypericinoid-containing ancient crinoids may have been analogous to that of their modern relatives. The persistent and widespread occurrence, spatially as well as taxonomically, of hypericinoid pigments in various orders during the adaptive radiation of post-Paleozoic crinoids suggests a general functional importance of the pigments, contributing to the evolutionary success of the Crinoidea.crinoids | molecular preservation | marine natural products | polyketides | liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

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Adaptive radiation of the comatulid crinoids

Cited by 167 publications

References 10 publications

The camerate crinoid Scyphocrinites Zenker in the Upper Silurian or Lower Devonian of New Brunswick, Canada

The camerate crinoid Scyphocrinites Zenker in the Upper Silurian or Lower Devonian of New Brunswick, Canada

Predator-induced macroevolutionary trends in Mesozoic crinoids

Persistent and widespread occurrence of bioactive quinone pigments during post-Paleozoic crinoid diversification

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