Copyright © 2012 IEEE. This material is posted here with permission of the IEEE. Such permission of the IEEE does not in any way imply IEEE endorsement of any of Teesside University's products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from the IEEE by writing to pubs-permissions@ieee.org.By choosing to view this document, you agree to all provisions of the copyright laws protecting it.This document was downloaded from http://tees.openrepository.com/tees/handle/10149/213390 Please do not use this version for citation purposes.All items in TeesRep are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated. Interactivity-Constrained Server Provisioning in Large-Scale Distributed Virtual Environments Duong Ta, Thang Nguyen, Suiping Zhou, Xueyan Tang, Wentong Cai, and Rassul Ayani Abstract-Maintaining interactivity is one of the key challenges in distributed virtual environments (DVE), e.g., online games, distributed simulations, etc., due to the large, heterogeneous Internet latencies; and the fact that clients in a DVE are usually geographically separated. In this paper, we consider a new problem, termed the interactivity-constrained server provisioning problem, whose goal is to minimize the number of distributed servers needed to achieve a pre-determined level of interactivity. We identify and formulate two variants of this new problem and show that they are both NP-hard via reductions to the set covering problem. We then propose several computationally efficient approximation algorithms for solving the problem. The main algorithms exploit dependencies among distributed servers to make provisioning decisions.We conduct extensive experiments to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms. More specifically, we use both static Internet latency data available from prior measurements and topology generators, as well as the most recent, dynamic latency data collected via our own large-scale deployment of a DVE performance monitoring system over PlanetLab. The results show that the newly proposed algorithms that take into account interserver dependencies significantly outperform the well-established set covering algorithm for both problem variants.