2023
DOI: 10.3390/machines11070732
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Adaptive Sliding Mode Feedback Control Algorithm for a Nonlinear Knee Extension Model

Abstract: Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has been widely used to treat spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. Many research studies employ a closed-loop FES system to monitor the stimulated muscle response and provide a precise amount of charge to the muscle. However, most closed-loop FES devices perform poorly and sometimes fail when muscle nonlinearity effects such as fatigue, time delay response, stiffness, spasticity, and subject change happen. The poor performance of the closed-loop FES device is mainly due to… Show more

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Cited by 7 publications
(4 citation statements)
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“…The effectiveness of the feedback controllers declines when the knee and muscles experience fatigue and spasticity [2]- [5]. The feedback controllers were only tuned during the simulation design stage, where muscle non-linearity effects and other non-linear disturbances were either ignored or represented by a single predicted value to characterise the non-linear response of the muscle model [3]. However, the non-linear effects of genuine human muscles change with time, and different people exhibit various non-linear muscle responses.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…The effectiveness of the feedback controllers declines when the knee and muscles experience fatigue and spasticity [2]- [5]. The feedback controllers were only tuned during the simulation design stage, where muscle non-linearity effects and other non-linear disturbances were either ignored or represented by a single predicted value to characterise the non-linear response of the muscle model [3]. However, the non-linear effects of genuine human muscles change with time, and different people exhibit various non-linear muscle responses.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…An accurate simulation model incorporating the non-linear effects of muscles is also necessary to guarantee the performance of the controller [8]. Several feedback controllers, such as proportional-integral-derivative (PID) [9], fuzzy logic [10], neural network [11] and adaptive controllers [3], have been proposed. However, the proposed feedback control system demonstrates a decline in control performance in the presence of non-linearities.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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