As known that fast cyclic redundancy check aided successive cancellation List (fast CA-SCL) decoding algorithm of polar codes can realize the fast decoding function by using different types of bits. Aiming at the problems of high complexity and large delay of fast CA-SCL decoding algorithm, an optimal design scheme of adaptive list fast CA-SCL decoding (ALF-CA-SCL) decoding algorithm is proposed. In ALF-CA-SCL algorithm, an optimization strategy for flexible change of list length is designed, which can ensure the reliability of decoding and reduce the unnecessary decoding complexity or system transmission delay. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can enhance the system efficiency of by 3 to 6 times compared with fast CA-SCL algorithm, under the condition of equivalent error performance.