Adaptive winter survival strategies: defended energy levels in juvenile Atlantic salmon along a latitudinal gradient

Finstad, Anders G.; Berg, Ole Kristian; Forseth, Torbjørn; Ugedal, Ola; Næsje, Tor F.

doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1874

Cited by 33 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Dunlop and Shuter 2006;Zhao et al 2008;McDermid et al 2010;Venturelli et al 2010). Similar links between fish life history characteristics and climate gradients have been noted in Europe and South America (Heibo et al 2005;Lappalainen and Tarkan 2007;Finstad et al 2010), and in marine fish species (Pörtner 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Toleration strategies include both the pre-winter storage of energy for winter use (Berg et al 2009;Hurst and Conover 2003) and the minimization of demands on that stored energy during winter (Evans 1984;Shuter et al 1989). Specialization strategies focus on continuing energy acquisition during winter (Hölker et al 2004;Finstad et al 2010). Reproductive strategies focus on timing reproduction to ensure effective access by larvae to the summer production pulse (Yeates-Burghart et al 2009;Migaud et al 2010;Pörtner and Peck 2010).…”

Section: Dealing With Winter: Strategies For Survival and Reproductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Schultz and Conover 1997;Finstad et al 2010). Energy reserves are typically acquired in times of abundant food supply or where physical conditions support adequate physiological performance of the individual (Hurst 2007).…”

Section: Toleration Survival Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Trends of this sort have been noted in marine species (Conover et al 2005) and might be expected to be stronger in freshwater limnetic species, where the constraints on gene flow imposed by watershed isolation should favour local adaptation. Indeed, examples of local adaptation in both storage and reproductive strategies are evident in the recent literature (Yeates-Burghart et al 2009;Finstad et al 2010;Berg et al 2011). However, there are limits to the effectiveness of some strategies.…”

Section: Units For All Box Plots Are°cmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of winter phenology in shaping the ecology of freshwater fish and their sensitivities to climate change

et al. 2012

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Thermal preference and performance provide the physiological frame within which fish species seek strategies to cope with the challenges raised by the low temperatures and low levels of oxygen and food that characterize winter. There are two common coping strategies: active utilization of winter conditions or simple toleration of winter conditions. The former is typical of winter specialist species with low preferred temperatures, and the latter is typical of species with higher preferred temperatures. Reproductive strategies are embodied in the phenology of spawning: the approach of winter conditions cues reproductive activity in many coldwater fish species, while the departure of winter conditions cues reproduction in many cool and warmwater fish species. This cuing system promotes temporal partitioning of the food resources available to young-of-year fish and thus supports high diversity in freshwater fish communities. If the zoogeographic distribution of a species covers a broad range of winter conditions, local populations may exhibit differences in their winter survival strategies that reflect adaptation to local conditions. Extreme winter specialists are found in shallow eutrophic lakes where long periods of ice cover cause winter oxygen levels to drop to levels that are lethal to many fish. The fish communities of these lakes are simple and composed of species that exhibit specialized adaptations for extended tolerance of very low temperatures and oxygen levels. Zoogeographic boundaries for some species may be positioned at points on the landscape where the severity of winter overwhelms the species' repertoire of winter survival strategies. Freshwater fish communities are vulnerable to many of the shifts in environmental conditions expected with climate change. Temperate and northern communities are particularly vulnerable since the repertoires of physiological and behavioural strategies that characterize many of their members have been shaped by the adverse environmental conditions (e.g. cool short summers, long cold winters) that climate change is expected to mitigate. The responses of these strategies to the rapid relaxation of the adversities that shaped them will play a significant role in the overall responses of these fish populations and their communities to climate change.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Dealing With Winter: Strategies For Survival and Reproductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Toleration Survival Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Units For All Box Plots Are°cmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of winter phenology in shaping the ecology of freshwater fish and their sensitivities to climate change

et al. 2012

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“…Organisms distributed across geographical gradients experience variation in stored energy requirements and patterns of higher storage in areas with harsher winters have been observed along latitudinal (Schultz and Conover 1997;Berg et al 2009;Jönsson et al 2009;Finstad et al 2010) and altitudinal gradients (Tracy 1999;Takahashi and Pauley 2010). Other factors that affect energy allocation include body size (Deegan 1986;Henderson et al 1988;Heulett et al 1995;Lampo and Medialdea 1996;Post and Parkinson 2001;Scott et al 2007), life history Jonsson 1998, 2003;Rikardsen and Elliott 2000;Morgan et al 2002), and food availability and quality (Heulett et al 1995;Garvey and Marschall 2003;Sogard and Spencer 2004;Borcherding et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Energy allocation strategy modifies growth–survival trade-offs in juvenile fish across ecological and environmental gradients

Mogensen

2011

Oecologia

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In young temperate zone fishes, conflicting energy demands lead to variability in growing season and winter survival. Growing season survival is driven by size-dependent predation risk whereas winter survival is constrained by autumn body size, energy storage and winter duration. We developed a model of the seasonality of energetics coupled to empirical measures of resource availability, size-dependent predation and temperature seasonality for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in two sets of lakes in British Columbia, Canada, representing endpoints of a gradient of temperature, growing season duration and winter duration. This model was used to determine the energy allocation strategy which maximized first-year survival across these gradients. Survival was sensitive to the timing of the switch from somatic to storage strategies in cold, short growing season, low resource environments. A broader range of energy allocation strategies were viable in warmer, longer growing season and higher resource lakes. We used empirical observations of autumn energy storage and our modeled values for size-dependent minimal lipid levels needed to survive winter in each system to estimate winter survival for juvenile rainbow trout. Winter survival estimates were 6% in cold lakes with low resources, 82% in warm, lakes with low resources and 100% in warm lakes with high resources. Fish in warm lakes with ample resources allocated substantially more to storage than the minimum required to survive winter generated from our model, suggesting additional selection pressures for increased storage when there was ample surplus energy. We concluded that growth-survival trade-offs, modified by seasonality of the environment, influenced the growing season energy allocation strategies for young-of-the-year fish, and suggested this may be important for understanding population viability across environmental gradients.

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Rainbow trout in seasonal environments: phenotypic trade‐offs across a gradient in winter duration

Lea

Mee

Rogers

et al. 2015

Ecology and Evolution

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Survival through periods of resource scarcity depends on the balance between metabolic demands and energy storage. The opposing effects of predation and starvation mortality are predicted to result in trade‐offs between traits that optimize fitness during periods of resource plenty (e.g., during the growing season) and those that optimize fitness during periods of resource scarcity (e.g., during the winter). We conducted a common environment experiment with two genetically distinct strains of rainbow trout to investigate trade‐offs due to (1) the balance of growth and predation risk related to foraging rate during the growing season and (2) the allocation of energy to body size prior to the winter. Fry (age 0) from both strains were stocked into replicate natural lakes at low and high elevation that differed in winter duration (i.e., ice cover) by 59 days. Overwinter survival was lowest in the high‐elevation lakes for both strains. Activity rate and growth rate were highest at high elevation, but growing season survival did not differ between strains or between environments. Hence, we did not observe a trade‐off between growth and predation risk related to foraging rate. Growth rate also differed significantly between the strains across both environments, which suggests that growth rate is involved in local adaptation. There was not, however, a difference between strains or between environments in energy storage. Hence, we did not observe a trade‐off between growth and storage. Our findings suggest that intrinsic metabolic rate, which affects a trade‐off between growth rate and overwinter survival, may influence local adaptation in organisms that experience particularly harsh winter conditions (e.g., extended periods trapped beneath the ice in high‐elevation lakes) in some parts of their range.

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Adaptive winter survival strategies: defended energy levels in juvenile Atlantic salmon along a latitudinal gradient

Cited by 33 publications

References 37 publications

The role of winter phenology in shaping the ecology of freshwater fish and their sensitivities to climate change

The role of winter phenology in shaping the ecology of freshwater fish and their sensitivities to climate change

Energy allocation strategy modifies growth–survival trade-offs in juvenile fish across ecological and environmental gradients

Rainbow trout in seasonal environments: phenotypic trade‐offs across a gradient in winter duration

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