Added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium intake from snacks among U.S. adolescents by eating location

Casey, Caroline; Huang, Qiushi; Talegawkar, Sameera A.; Sylvetsky, Allison C.; DiPietro, Loretta; Lora, Karina

doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101630

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Previous research has found that the majority of snacking intake among U.S. children occurs at home, but it remains unclear if patterns of snacking differ across the day or vary by age group [ 16 , 17 ]. Additionally, grocery stores have been previously identified as the primary food location source (i.e., location from which foods are obtained) of overconsumed nutrients in children’s diets [ 18 – 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related differences in eating location, food source location, and timing of snack intake among U.S. children 1–19 years

Tripicchio,

Croce,

Coffman

et al. 2023

Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act

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Background Snacking is nearly universal and contributes significant energy to U.S. children’s diets. Little is known, however, about where and when snacking intake occurs and if such patterns change with age. This research evaluated age-related differences in eating location, food source location, and timing of snacking among U.S. children aged 1–19 years (y). Methods A cross-sectional analysis of snacking among 14,666 children in the 2007–2018 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was conducted using a single 24-hour dietary recall. Snacking was participant-defined and included all eating occasions outside of meals. Linear regression and analysis of covariance were used to examine the effects of age (toddler 1–2 y, preschooler 3–5 y, school-age 6–11 y, adolescent 12–19 y) on the percentage of daily snack energy consumed by eating location (at home vs. away from home), food source location (grocery store, convenience store, school/childcare, restaurant, from someone else (i.e. “socially”), and other), and time of day (morning, 6am-12pm; early afternoon, 12pm-3pm; late afternoon/afterschool 3pm-6pm; evening 6pm-9pm, late-night 9pm-12am, and overnight 12am-6am). Results On average, U.S. children consumed most of their daily snacking energy at home (71%), from foods and beverages obtained from grocery stores (75%), and in the late afternoon/afterschool (31%). Toddlers and preschoolers consumed a greater percentage of their daily snack energy during the morning hours compared to school-age children and adolescents (both p < 0.001); school-age children consumed the most in the evening (27%, p < 0.001), and adolescents consumed the most in the late-night period (22%, p < 0.001). Age-related increases were seen in the percentage of daily snacking energy eaten outside the home (p < 0.001), and obtained socially (p < 0.001), from restaurants (p < 0.001), and convenience stores (p < 0.001). Conclusion Findings reveal age-related differences in eating location, food source location, and timing of snack intake among U.S. children aged 1–19 y. Younger children consume a greater percentage of snacking calories in the morning and at home relative to older children. School-age children and adolescents show greater snacking in the evening and at night and from foods obtained and eaten outside the home. Efforts to promote healthy snacking behaviors among children should consider developmental differences in snacking patterns.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related differences in eating location, food source location, and timing of snack intake among U.S. children 1–19 years

Tripicchio,

Croce,

Coffman

et al. 2023

Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act

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“…For adolescents (12–19 years), added sugars intake was also high during dinner in addition to snack occasions in our study. Based on 2009–2016 NHANES data, US adolescents (12–19 years) consumed 2.4 snacks/day on a given day, and most snacks were consumed at home (consuming 1.7 snacks/day at home and 0.7 snacks/day away from home) [ 20 ]. Another study reported that the majority of added sugars consumed by school aged children came from grocery stores, followed by restaurants and school cafeteria in 2003–2010 [ 12 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another study reported that the majority of added sugars consumed by school aged children came from grocery stores, followed by restaurants and school cafeteria in 2003–2010 [ 12 ]. Because snacks were commonly consumed by US children [ 20 ] and most added sugars were consumed during snack occasions, intervention strategies may focus on low- or no- added sugars snacks in efforts to reduced added sugars intake, which might have even more impact on children who are high consumers. Schools have made good progress on changing the school environment to support the reduction of added sugars intake among US children intake [ 21 ]; such as by limiting purchases of regular soda or fruit drinks during the school day or on school campuses [ 22 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Children and Adolescents in the United States with Usual High Added Sugars Intake: Characteristics, Eating Occasions, and Top Sources, 2015–2018

et al. 2023

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Background: High consumption of added sugars is related to adverse health consequences. Objective: The objective of this study was to examine characteristics of US youth who report high intakes of added sugars, as well as the eating occasions and top sources of added sugars that contributed to intakes among consumers with high added sugars intake. Design and participants/setting: We conducted a cross-sectional study using 2015–2018 NHANES data among 5280 US youths (2–19 years). Main outcome measures: Outcome measure was usual percent of calories from added sugars using 2 days of dietary recall based on the National Cancer Institute method. High consumers were defined as consuming greater than 15% of total daily calorie intake from added sugars (1.5 times higher than the 2020–2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommendation of <10% of total daily calorie intake). Explanatory measures were selected sociodemographics (e.g., age, sex, race/ethnicity). Eating occasions were breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snack. Statistical analyses performed: We used t-tests to compare mean differences between sociodemographic groups. Results: Overall, 34% of US youths were classified as high consumers of added sugars. The prevalence of high consumers of added sugars significantly varied by some sociodemographics (i.e., age, race/ethnicity, and head of household’s education level). The prevalence of high added sugars consumers was significantly greater among 12–19-year-olds (41%) and 6–11-year-olds (37%) compared to 2–5-year-olds (19%), non-Hispanic Black (42%) and non-Hispanic White (42%) persons compared to Hispanic persons (19%), and those with a head of household’s education level of high school/some college (40%) compared to households with college degree or higher (29%). The prevalence of high consumers did not differ by sex, income, or weight status. Of eating occasions, the amount of added sugars youths consumed was highest during snack occasions among high consumers. Top five sources of added sugars among high consumers on a given day were sweetened beverages, sweet bakery products, candy, other desserts, and ready-to-eat cereals. Conclusion: One in three US youths consumed more than 15% of total calories from added sugars. High added sugars intake was more prevalent among certain subgroups such as 12–19-year-olds and non-Hispanic Black or non-Hispanic White youth. Our findings can provide information for intervention efforts to decrease added sugars intake to promote child health.

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“…In addition, students tend to prefer to consume light meals rather than large meals. Although the types of snack food consumed at home and away from home were similar, the quantity of added sugars, saturated fat, and salt consumed at home was higher than that consumed away from home (Casey, et al, 2021). College students, who were categorized as adolescents, frequently consumed snack items in between major meals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Nutritional Content in Snack Food: Consumer Perceptions and Behaviors

2022

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People's lifestyles encouraged them to devour the main dish in a short amount of time. It demonstrated the value of snack foods as a source of supplementary energy. To present an example of marketing agro-industry in some healthy snack foods for college student, it was necessary to understand consumer behaviors regarding sugar intake in snacking. The marketers need to understand the customer perceptions and behaviors towards nutritional content in snack foods to create healthy snack food. The aims of this study were: 1) to analyze the consumer perceptions and behaviors of nutritional content in snack food products; 2) to identify dominant factors which affect the consumption of snack food products. The study was conducted on 200 respondents of college students. Snack foods were commonly consumed by college students, who were classified as adolescents, in between substantial meals. Descriptive statistics and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were performed. Consumer impressions on a preliminary assessment of the nutrition label, which includes sugar components, were determined using descriptive statistics. Furthermore, PCA was performed to identify the main consumer characteristics that affect snacking, allowing the impact of sugar content on snack food consumption. The results indicated that the consumers were concerned enough about eating nutritious meals. Consumers, on the other hand, rarely read nutrition labels. The "benefit" and "wants" factors were the most important elements affecting consumer snack food intake. The nutritious composition of snack foods, on the other hand, did not affect snack food consumption. The consumers were unconcerned about the sugar content in snack food.

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Added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium intake from snacks among U.S. adolescents by eating location

Abstract: Highlights Added sugar, saturated fat, sodium intake higher from snacks eaten at home vs. away. Snacks eaten at home provided about one fourth of daily calories from added sugars. With few exceptions, snack types consumed were similar at home and away from home.

Cited by 7 publications

References 31 publications

Age-related differences in eating location, food source location, and timing of snack intake among U.S. children 1–19 years

Age-related differences in eating location, food source location, and timing of snack intake among U.S. children 1–19 years

Children and Adolescents in the United States with Usual High Added Sugars Intake: Characteristics, Eating Occasions, and Top Sources, 2015–2018

Nutritional Content in Snack Food: Consumer Perceptions and Behaviors

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