Addictive Aspects in Heavy Cigarette Smoking

Knapp, Peter H.; Bliss, Charles Michael; Wells, Harriet

doi:10.1176/ajp.119.10.966

Cited by 75 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The more an individual uses cigarettes, the more the pleasure from smoking, which was initially primary, comes under the domi nation of the need to avoid distress or ward off pain (79). Going along the smoking behavior continuum, the more excessive the habit becomes, the less dependent it seems to be on external cues, and the more it may show a relationship to deeply ingrained personality traits (69,79 (81,82). High rates of smoking may be an indication of an individual's need to handle the negative affect that he experiences when under stress.…”

Section: Psychological Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of Cigarette Smoking from a Psychological Perspective

Benfari¹,

Ockene²,

McIntyre³

1982

Annu. Rev. Public Health

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Section: Psychological Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of Cigarette Smoking from a Psychological Perspective

Benfari¹,

Ockene²,

McIntyre³

1982

Annu. Rev. Public Health

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“…First, we conceived of a heavy smoker during withdrawal as analogous to an individual sensing loss of a part of him or of a good friend (12). This is supported by the observations of Knapp et al (13), that Ss during acute withdrawal from cigarettes report a feeling of emptiness, of having lost a companion, and of looking for satisfaction in food. Secondly, Ulett and Itil (14) have demonstrated that during periods of smoking deprivation, increases in slow-wave EEG activity, drowsiness, restlessness and dysphoria occur.…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

Interaction of Personality and Treatment Conditions Associated with Success in a Smoking Control Program

Jacobs

Spilken

Norman

et al. 1971

Psychosomatic Medicine

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A total of 104 men who were heavy smokers (minimum of a pack, and averaging 35 cigarettes a day) participated in a 10-week program to break the habit. The majority (N=83) received group therapy, and the remainder were seen individually. Each S was randomly assigned to one of the following drug conditions: no pills, placebo, lobeline, dextroamphetamine and imipramine. Pretesting established each S as a good (N=67) or poor (N=37) risk to stop smoking. Results indicated that, both at the end of treatment and at followup 3 months later, group was superior to individual therapy, treatment without drugs was more effective than taking medication (especially for high risk cases), and low-risk did better than high-risk Ss. Successful Ss stayed in treatment longer than did failures. Relapse was associated with life situations of loneliness, passivity, boredom, tension and personal tragedy. The best predictor of resistance to relapse was the abrupt and complete breaking of the habit during the first 2 weeks of the program ("cold turkey").

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“…Previous methods have largely relied on some form of substitution for tobacco. Lobeline Sulphate, often in the form of " Lobidan ", has been used for many years, but despite enthusiasm (Dorsey 1936, Londen 1963 seems to be ineffective in many cases (Merry andPreston 1963, Research Committee Report B.T.A. 1963).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%