Adding mitochondrial sequence data (16S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) to the phylogeny of centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda): an analysis of morphology and four molecular loci

Abstract

Relationships within Chilopoda (centipedes) are assessed based on 222 morphological characters, complete 18S rRNA sequences for 70 chilopod terminals, the D3 region of 28S rRNA for 65 terminals, 16S rRNA sequences for 54 terminals and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences for 45 terminals. Morphological and molecular data for seven orders of Diplopoda are used to root cladograms for Chilopoda. Analyses use direct character optimization for 15 gap and substitution models. The Pleurostigmophora and Epimorpha s.l. hypotheses are largely stable to parameter variation for the combined data; the latter clade is formalized as the new taxon Phylactometria. The combined data include parameter sets that support either the monophyly of Epimorpha s.str. (¼Scolopendromorpha + Geophilomorpha) or Craterostigmus + Geophilomorpha; the former derives its support from morphology and the nuclear ribosomal genes. Monophyly of Lithobiomorpha and the sister group relationship between Lithobiidae and Henicopidae are stable for morphological and combined data, and are also resolved for the molecular data for 14 of 15 parameter sets. The fundamental split in Scolopendromorpha is between Cryptopidae and Scolopendridae sensu Attems. Blind scolopendromorphs unite as a clade in most molecular and combined analyses, including those that minimize incongruence between data partitions. Geophilomorpha divides into Placodesmata and Adesmata under nine of 15 explored parameter sets.

Conflict between datasets and phylogeny of centipedes: an analysis based on seven genes and morphology

“…COI resolves more nodes, although in this case some well supported nodes are not supported by any other sets of data (ScolopendraC Polyxenus with 89% JF), though it also recognizes groups such as Scutigeromorpha (94% JF) and Geophilomorpha. These results are similar to those of the richer taxon analyses of Edgecombe & Giribet (2004 Figure 2. Cladograms for the combined analyses under parameter set 121 for (a) all molecular data analysed under direct optimization (with 100 replicates of random addition sequence followed by TBR branch swapping and tree fusing) and (b) the simultaneous analysis of all molecular and morphological data analysed under iterative pass optimization (with 10 replicates of random addition sequence followed by TBR branch swapping).…”

“…Edgecombe & Giribet 2004). Whether the number of characters or the number of taxa is the most important factor in phylogenetic analysis is still debated (e.g.…”

“…(b) Morphological data The morphological matrix is based on our previously published data matrix (Edgecombe & Giribet 2004) and refined for the current implementation of taxa (see electronic supplementary material). The new version has 153 morphological characters from which characters 28, 38 and 140 were additive; all other characters were considered as non-additive (see electronic supplementary material data matrix).…”

Brooding in <I>Mecistocephalus togensis</I> (Geophilomorpha: Placodesmata) and the evolution of parental care in centipedes (Chilopoda)

“…Available data on maternal care in the orders Craterostigmomorpha, Scolopendromorpha, and Geophilomorpha have been summarised by Bonato & Minelli (2002: Ta-ble 1). ese three orders comprise a monophyletic taxon named Phylactometria, the name referring to maternal care as a shared derived character of the group (Edgecombe & Giribet 2004). A common behavioural character of all members of Phylactometria is a prolonged period of maternal care in which the mother coils her body around the eggs and remains in this position, ceasing to feed for several weeks, and continuing to guard even after eclosion.…”

Appendix F. Interactive key for identification of all currently valid species of Eupolybothrus made with Delta software

“…Ten specimens that sample 4 species were barcoded in the context of a global campaign on Myriapoda initiated as a part of the 'Barcode of Life' project (iBOL WorkGroup 1.9 'Terrestrial surveillance') (Appendix C doi: 10.3897/zookeys.50.504-app.C). To this dataset we added a sequence from GenBank for a fi fth species, Eupolybothrus fasciatus (AY214420) (Edgecombe and Giribet 2004). Sequences are publicly available on BOLD (Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007; http://www.barcodinglife.org) within the project PSEKA and in GenBank (accession numbers in Table 6).…”