Addition of WEEE Glass to Metakaolin-Based Geopolymeric Binder: A Cytotoxicity Study

Catauro, Michelina; Lancellotti, Isabella; Leonelli, Cristina

doi:10.3390/environments4040089

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The only parameter that did not fall within the regulatory range for both CRT glass and geopolymer water extracts was pH. At the same time, the obtained pH result for the water extract obtained from the geopolymer is similar to the results presented, for example, in [ 64 ], where for 28 day geopolymers (using CRT glass), the obtained pH was about 10.5 and 11.5.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Characteristics of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer with Cathode Ray Tube Glass

et al. 2021

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Geopolymers can be treated as an environmentally friendly alternative for concrete and enables utilization of various wastes. This paper focuses on the possibility of application of discarded cathode ray tube (CRT) glass inside a metakaolin-based geopolymer in the form of an aggregate, providing an ecological method of recycling of this hazardous material. The main goal of this paper was to develop an optimal composition of a new geopolymer and to describe its behavior under varying curing conditions. A geopolymer made of different mixtures was subjected to flexural and compressive strength tests. The density, mass loss, temperature changes, and metals leaching were determined as well. The results demonstrated that neither the content of CRT glass nor the curing regime has a significant influence on the mechanical behavior. However, the strength of the geopolymer containing 50% CRT glass by mass increased with time in contrast to a geopolymer with a higher CRT glass content. The development of temperature inside the mixture was dependent on the amount of metakaolin. The concentration of toxic metals in an aqueous extract decreased considerably after the encapsulation of CRT glass inside the geopolymer. The presented results indicate that discarded CRT glass can be considered an aggregate for a metakaolin-based geopolymer. The new material shows high strength and makes the CRT glass safe for the environment.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Characteristics of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer with Cathode Ray Tube Glass

et al. 2021

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“…Concerning the chemical reactivity of these additions we know that calcined kaolinite, or metakaolin, has been well studied in recent years and has proven to have very good pozzolanic properties [ 16 ]. Waste glass from containers, when used in the form of very fine powders has also proved to be reactive in alkaline environments [ 13 , 17 , 18 ]. Sand is composed mainly of quartz, known to be extremely stable in the alkaline environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the Introduction of Reactive Fillers and Metakaolin in Waste Clay-Based Materials for Geopolymerization Processes

Sgarlata

Formia²,

Ferrari³

et al. 2021

Molecules

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In this study, the role of two reactive fillers, specifically a sand from a clay washing process as an alternative to waste glass powder and a commercial metakaolin (MK), into the geopolymerization process of waste clay-based materials was assessed. Three kinds of clayey wastes from mining operations—halloysitic, kaolinitic and smectitic clays—were tested as potential precursor of geopolymeric materials in view of a potential valorisation of these by-products. A mix-design based on the addition of low percentages (20%) of these fillers or MK to improve the mechanical and chemico-physical properties of geopolymeric formulations was evaluated. All the clays were thermally treated at a temperature of 650 °C, while the geopolymeric pastes were cured at room temperature. In particular, the chemical stability in water (pH and ionic conductivity of leachate water, weight loss), the variations in the microstructure (XRD, SEM), and in the mechanical performance (compressive strength) were analysed. The most reactive additive was MK, followed by sand and waste glass at very similar levels—1:1 or 2:1—depending upon the type of the clay but not strictly related to the clay type. The increase of geopolymeric gel densification due to the presence of MK and sand was replaced by a crack deflection mechanism in the case of the WG grains. The worst performance (chemical stability and mechanical properties) was found for the halloysitic clay, while kaolinitic and smectitic clays developed strengths slightly below 30 MPa.

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“…The optical density of the solution was measured at the wavelength of 570 nm with a microplate reader (VictorIII Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, United States ) to release the coloured product into the solution. Representative cellular morphology images were acquired by Inverted phase Contrast Brightfield Zeiss Primo Vert microscope (Catauro et al, 2017). The MTT data are expressed as cell viability (CV, %) ± SD (standard deviation) of three independent measurements.…”

Section: Cytotoxicity Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Taking into account the few previous studies on the antibacterial and/or cytotoxicity aspects of geopolymers (Catauro et al, 2017;Rubio-Avalos, 2018;Catauro et al, 2021) and those related to their ability to adsorb bacterial protein, protein toxins, bacteria and eventually antibiotics in their engineered macroporous, and mesoporous (Popovich et al, 2020) we measured the antibacterial activity as the inhibiting capacity against two Gram-negative bacterial strains, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and one Grampositive bacterial strain: Enterococcus faecalis. The cytotoxicity properties were tested on mouse embryonic fibroblast NIH-3T3 cell-line.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibacterial Properties and Cytotoxicity of 100% Waste Derived Alkali Activated Materials: Slags and Stone Wool-Based Binders

et al. 2021

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In this study we compare the leaching behavior and the antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of 100% slag or stone wool derived alkali activated materials. The antibacterial activity was measured as the inhibiting capacity against two Gram-negative bacterial strains, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and one Gram-positive bacterial strain: Enterococcus faecalis. The cytotoxicity properties were tested on mouse embryonic fibroblast NIH-3T3 cell-line. It was proved that the high quality of the 3D aluminosilicate network of the consolidated materials obtained from powders of CaO or MgO-rich slags or stone wool, opportunely activated with NaO and/or Na-silicate, was capable of stabilizing heavy metal cations. The concentrations of leachate heavy cations were lower than the European law limit when tested in water. The effect of additives in the composites, basal fibers or nanocellulose, did not reduce the chemical stability and slightly influenced the compressive strength. Weight loss in water increased by 20% with basalt fibers addition, while it remained almost constant when nanocellulose was added. All the consolidated materials, cement-like in appearance, exhibited limited antibacterial properties (viability from 50 to 80% depending on the bacterial colony and the amount of sample) and absence of cytotoxicity, envisaging good acceptance from part of the final consumer and zero ecological impact. CaO-rich formulations can replace ordinary Portland cement (showing bacterial viability at 100%) with a certain capability for preventing the reproduction of the E. coli and S. aureus bacteria with health and environmental protection results.

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Addition of WEEE Glass to Metakaolin-Based Geopolymeric Binder: A Cytotoxicity Study

Cited by 10 publications

References 30 publications

Characteristics of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer with Cathode Ray Tube Glass

Characteristics of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer with Cathode Ray Tube Glass

Effect of the Introduction of Reactive Fillers and Metakaolin in Waste Clay-Based Materials for Geopolymerization Processes

Antibacterial Properties and Cytotoxicity of 100% Waste Derived Alkali Activated Materials: Slags and Stone Wool-Based Binders

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