Additional Experimental Confirmations of the New Chemical Species of Santilli Magnecules

Abstract

Abstract:In this paper, we present experimental confirmations of the new chemical species of magnecules identified by R. M. Santilli in 1998 [1], with particular reference to: stability of magnecules at ambient temperature; progressive reduction of magnecular species with the increase of the temperature; termination of magnecular species at a suitable Curie temperature; presence in the magnecular clusters of weakly bonded individual atoms, dimers, and conventional molecules; detection of magnecular clusters under suitable mass spectroscopy; transparency to infrared detectors at the a.m.u. of the clusters (and not at smaller a.m.u. characterizing constituents); dependence of the detected clusters from the elusion time; anomalous adhesion of magnecules to various substances; anomalous mutation of magnecular clusters; anomalous accretion of magnecules by one Hydrogen atom; and other features. It is stressed that conventional gas chromatographic equipment and procedures (that are so effective for the detection of molecules) are ineffective, if not misleading, for the detection of the new species of magnecules, thus explaining the protracted lack of general detection of mag-necules and the need for specialized equipment and procedures. The paper ends with the indication of the environmental advantages of fuels with Santillimagnecular structure due to the general lack of contaminants in the exhaust. The authors shall make available samples of magnecular gases at no cost to qualified chemists for independent analyses.

The Novel Hyper-Combustion for the Complete Combustion of Fossil Fuels

“…In addition to the original experimental evidence presented in the author"s proposal [12], [22], the existence of magnecules has been confirmed by a number of independent tests [30]- [33] (see also Refs. [34]- [28]).…”

“…6), thus establishing that CO 2 is a constituent of the magnecular clusters. All subsequent detections [30]- [38] essentially provide a confirmation of said original detections.…”

“…In fact, the original detections of magnecules were done via the analytic laboratories of McClellan Air Force Base near Sacramento, CA, via a GC-MS/IRD comprising of a HP GC model 5890, a HP MS model 5972 and a HP IRD model 5965. During the independent tests [30]- [33], the analysts failed to reproduce with modern GC-MS the cluster of MG identified so clearly with the indicated GC-MS, again due to the excessive increase of the ionization energy and other settings in contemporary GC-MS, thus forcing the experimentalists to recondition an old HP GC model 5890, a HP MS model 5972 and a HP IRD model 5965. A first feature of magnegas which is important for environmental aspects is that, as typically the case for all magnetic effects and related Curie Temperature, magnecular bonds disappear at combustion, thus preventing the loss of separation energies of type (3), with ensuing enhancement of energy output.…”

Novel chemical species of Santilli’s magnegas in hadronic chemistry1)

“…The electromagnecules are clusters generally composed of individual atoms, parts of conventional molecules (including radicals) and normal conventional molecules under a new internal bond originating from the electric and magnetic polarizations of the orbits of at least some peripheral atomic electrons [1,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Electromagnecules are generally called Santilli magnecules [15][16][17][18][19][20][21].…”

“…Therefore, Santilli has proposed and synthesized a new chemical species called as magnecules under strong magnetic field [1,4,5,10]. Santilli's magnecules are in gaseous, liquid and solid states consist of stable clusters composed of conventional molecule or diatomic radical with individuals atoms bonded together by opposing magnetic polarities of toroidal polarization of the orbit of at least the peripheral atomic electrons when exposed to sufficiently strong external magnetic fields, as well as the polarization of the intrinsic magnetic moment of nuclei and electrons [1,4,5,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. A population of magnecules constitutes a chemical species when essentially pure i.e.…”