Additive genetic variation in the craniofacial skeleton of baboons (genus <i>Papio</i>) and its relationship to body and cranial size

Joganic, Jessica L.; Willmore, Katherine E.; Richtsmeier, Joan T.; Weiss, Kenneth M.; Mahaney, Michael C.; Rogers, Jeffrey; Cheverud, James M.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.23349

Cited by 21 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…In female baboons at least, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis of Joganic et al. (), which posits that larger‐bodied papionin species tend to have similar‐looking longer faces because approximately 15% of the genetic variation underlying morphological variation in both body size and CFS shape is shared.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The skulls from a portion ( n = 985) of the pedigreed population were curated and scanned with computed tomography (CT) (0.6–0.75 mm resolution) at Washington University in St. Louis and are now housed at Loyola University Chicago (LUC) under the care of Dr. James Cheverud (see Joganic et al. for more details).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Careful breeding to maintain as much of the original genetic diversity as possible has been practiced and has resulted in a seven-generation pedigree preserving 12 founding sire lines. The skulls from a portion (n = 985) of the pedigreed population were curated and scanned with computed tomography (CT) (0.6-0.75 mm resolution) at Washington University in St. Louis and are now housed at Loyola University Chicago (LUC) under the care of Dr. James Cheverud (see Joganic et al 2018 for more details).…”

Section: Methodology Baboon Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Allometry, or shape variation that is a consequence of differences in the size of individuals, is also an important source of intraspecific variation, particularly in baboons (e.g. Frost et al 2003;Porto et al 2009;Joganic et al 2018). Thus, it will be especially important to determine whether any demonstrated age-related shape variation in the baboon CFS can actually be attributed to allometry.…”

Section: Research Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…; Joganic et al. ). Thus, it will be especially important to determine whether any demonstrated age‐related shape variation in the baboon CFS can actually be attributed to allometry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Allometry and advancing age significantly structure craniofacial variation in adult female baboons

Joganic

Heuzé

2019

Journal of Anatomy

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Primate craniofacial growth is traditionally assumed to cease upon maturation or at least be negligible, whereas bony remodeling is typically associated with advanced adult age and, in particular, tooth loss. Therefore, size and shape of the craniofacial skeleton of young and middle‐aged adults should be stable. However, research on both modern and historic human samples suggests that portions of the CFS exhibit age‐related changes in mature individuals, both related to and independent of tooth loss. These results demonstrate that the age‐category ‘adult’ is heterogeneous, containing individuals demonstrating post‐maturational age‐related variation, but the topic remains understudied outside of humans and in the cranial vault and base. Our research quantifies variation in a sample of captive adult female baboons (n = 97) in an effort to understand how advancing age alters the mature CFS. Craniometric landmarks and sliding semilandmarks were collected from computed tomography (CT) scans of adult baboons aged 7–32 years old. To determine whether craniofacial morphology is sensitive to aging mechanisms and whether any such effects are differentially distributed throughout the cranium, geometric morphometric techniques were employed to compare the shapes of various cranial regions among individuals of increasing age. Unexpectedly, the biggest form differences were observed between young and middle‐aged adults, rather than between adults with full dentitions and those with some degree of tooth loss. Shape variation was greatest in masticatory and nuchal musculature attachment areas. Our results indicate that the craniofacial skeleton changes form during adulthood in baboons, raising interesting questions about the molecular and biological mechanisms governing these changes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodology Baboon Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Research Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…; Joganic et al. ). Thus, it will be especially important to determine whether any demonstrated age‐related shape variation in the baboon CFS can actually be attributed to allometry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Allometry and advancing age significantly structure craniofacial variation in adult female baboons

Joganic

Heuzé

2019

Journal of Anatomy

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Visually assessed body condition shows high heritability in a pedigreed great ape population

Torfs

Eens

Laméris

et al. 2023

American J Primatol

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Body condition, a measure for relative fat mass, is associated with primate health, fitness, and overall welfare. Body condition is often influenced by dietary factors, age, and/or sex, but several body condition measures (body weight, weight‐to‐height ratios, and so on) also show high heritability across primate species, indicating a role of genetic effects. Although different measures for body condition exist, many require direct handling of animals, which is invasive, time‐consuming, and expensive, making them impractical in wild and captive settings. Therefore, noninvasive visual body condition score (BCS) systems were developed for various animal species, including macaques and chimpanzees, to visually assess relative fat mass. Here we evaluate the utility of a visual BCS system in bonobos by assessing (1) inter‐rater reliability, (2) links with body mass, a traditional hands‐on measure of condition, and (3) the factors driving individual variation in BCS. We adapted the chimpanzee BCS system to rate 76 bonobos in 11 European zoos (92% of the adult population). Inter‐rater reliability was high (s* = 0.948), BCSs were positively associated with body mass (β = 0.075) and not predicted by diet, sex, or age, nor were they associated with a higher abundance of obesity‐related diseases. Instead, BCSs showed high levels of heritability (h2 = 0.637), indicating that a majority of body condition variation in bonobos is attributable to genetic similarity of the individuals. This is in line with reported h2‐values for traditional body condition measures in primates and provides support for the reliability of visual BCS systems in great apes. The results of this study emphasize an often unanticipated role of genetics in determining primate body fat and health that has implications for the management of captive primates. Application of this tool in wild populations would aid to unravel environmental from genetic drivers of body condition variation in primates.

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Heritability in the Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) Vertebral Column

Villamil,

Negrón,

Middleton

2024

American J Primatol

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The vertebral column plays a central role in primate locomotion and positional behavior. Understanding its evolution, therefore, has the potential to clarify evolutionary processes that have occurred in the primate lineage as well as the specific behaviors of extinct primates. However, to understand primate vertebral anatomy, it is important to determine how much of this anatomy is heritable and how much develops as a response to environmental factors during life. We estimated heritability for vertebral counts as well as typical cervical, thoracic, and lumbar elements from 210 individuals from the pedigreed Cayo Santiago Macaca mulatta skeletal collection. We found moderate heritability of vertebral counts (h2 = 0.216–0.326), but with strong heritability of the type of variation (e.g., a tendency to meristic or homeotic change) in the vertebral count (h2 = 0.599), suggesting a possible explanation for high variability in vertebral numbers among the hominoids in particular. The moderate heritability of vertebral count also suggests that vertebral count is an unsuitable metric for estimating the ancestral state for some taxa. We found strong heritability in the morphology of cervical and upper lumbar zygapophyseal facets (h2 = 0.548–0.550) and the thoracic spinous processes (h2 = 0.609–0.761), including high heritability of the spinous process angle in the upper thoracic and upper lumbar elements (h2 = 0.649–0.752). We suggest these are related to maintaining stability in the cervical and lumbar regions, and reducing motion in the thoracic region, respectively. We propose that spinous processes may contain greater phylogenetic information, whereas transverse processes may contain greater information of function ‘in life’. We also found important size effects, suggesting that size is the most heritable component of overall form and largely responsible for intertrait differences. This suggests that it is inappropriate to indiscriminately remove size effects from morphological comparisons.

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Additive genetic variation in the craniofacial skeleton of baboons (genus Papio) and its relationship to body and cranial size

Cited by 21 publications

References 107 publications

Allometry and advancing age significantly structure craniofacial variation in adult female baboons

Allometry and advancing age significantly structure craniofacial variation in adult female baboons

Visually assessed body condition shows high heritability in a pedigreed great ape population

Heritability in the Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) Vertebral Column

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