Additive Manufacturing – A New Challenge for Automation and Robotics

Environmentally Responsive Materials for Building Envelopes: A Review on Manufacturing and Biomimicry-Based Approaches

“…Many industrial sectors, such as aeronautics and aerospace, automotive, and biomedical, among others, have made significant changes in their manufacturing processes due to the recent developments of industry 4.0, which has led to innovative products with high-quality products, reducing time-to-market, materials, and energy use, with a higher degree of geometric freedom [ 147 , 148 , 149 ]. These changes include transfer from physical to digital connections, connecting embedded systems and intelligent production processes, using sensing and control tools, augmented reality, cognitive systems, additive manufacturing, advanced materials, autonomous robotics, and digital design, among others [ 3 ].…”

“…According to the ISO/ASTM 52900:2021 [ 153 ], additive manufacturing (AM) is a process of joining materials to make parts from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer. AM has several advantages with which complex shapes can be generated, with geometric freedom and a high degree of detail [ 33 , 147 ] and automation [ 148 , 154 , 155 ], reducing the need for human intervention in the processes, costs, investment times, and risks associated [ 34 ]. Therefore, AM can reduce material waste, the labor time of the workers associated with the project, and the time associated with the manufacturing process, improving sustainability in construction [ 35 , 156 ].…”

In-Situ Monitoring Assisted Large-Scale Additive Manufacturing of Mild Steel and 316L Alloys for Nuclear Application

“…Even with excellent proper starts and height tracing, final part shape is not guaranteed. Although the process is stable and the material quality is high, the z (vertical) geometrical tolerances are not guaranteed without minimizing the absolute z height error [64]. The z build errors tend to accumulate from layer to layer, resulting in eventual catastrophic failures.…”

“…For example, build corner features tend to overbuild, and overhang features tend to underbuild. The implemented solution is a closed-loop control system that automatically adjusts the amount of material deposited [64]. This adjustment results in long-term geometrical accuracy and limits the number of print faults.…”

Additive Manufacturing Design Guidelines for Wind Industry

“…One major consideration in DED is the lack of process omnidirectionality [82]. Process omnidirectionality refers to the ability of the print head to move in any direction in the horizontal plane at any time throughout the process without negatively affecting the print quality.…”