Additive Manufacturing of a Cold‐Work Tool Steel using Electron Beam Melting

Vega, Carlos; Ramsperger, Markus; Şelte, Aydın; Åsvik, Kenneth; Koptioug, Andrei; Skoglund, Per; Roos, Stefan; Rännar, Lars‐Erik; Bäckström, Mikael

doi:10.1002/srin.201900448

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The as-built hardness and retained austenite levels were investigated for the different build jobs, and the results are presented in Table 1 . Consistent hardness values and retained austenite levels were found for the different build job specimens, which are also comparable to the ones found in preliminary investigation for small cubic specimens in the as-built condition [ 18 ]. Nevertheless, according to the targeted application of this material in cold-work tools, higher hardness and lower levels of retained austenite are demanded, and therefore, heat treatments need to be developed.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Flowability of the powder in the Hall flow meter is 13.4 s/50 g, and its apparent density is 4.42 g/cm 3 . Detailed information regarding powder composition and properties can be found elsewhere [ 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a preliminary study by the authors [ 18 ], the EBM processing of a highly alloyed cold-work tool steel (Vanadis 4 Extra) was investigated. Different combinations of process parameters were explored for manufacturing cubic specimens, and the process window for obtaining pore-free material that was free of swelling was achieved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microstructural and Mechanical Evaluation of a Cr-Mo-V Cold-Work Tool Steel Produced via Electron Beam Melting (EBM)

Botero

Şelte²,

Ramsperger³

et al. 2021

Materials

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In this work, a highly alloyed cold work tool steel, Uddeholm Vanadis 4 Extra, was manufactured via the electron beam melting (EBM) technique. The corresponding material microstructure and carbide precipitation behavior as well as the microstructural changes after heat treatment were characterized, and key mechanical properties were investigated. In the as-built condition, the microstructure consists of a discontinuous network of very fine primary Mo- and V-rich carbides dispersed in an auto-tempered martensite matrix together with ≈15% of retained austenite. Adjusted heat treatment procedures allowed optimizing the microstructure by the elimination of Mo-rich carbides and the precipitation of fine and different sized V-rich carbides, along with a decrease in the retained austenite content below 2%. Hardness response, compressive strength, and abrasive wear properties of the EBM-manufactured material are similar or superior to its as-HIP forged counterparts manufactured using traditional powder metallurgy route. In the material as built by EBM, an impact toughness of 16–17 J was achieved. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) was applied in order to further increase ductility and to investigate its impact upon the microstructure and properties of the material. After HIPing with optimized protocols, the ductility increased over 20 J.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microstructural and Mechanical Evaluation of a Cr-Mo-V Cold-Work Tool Steel Produced via Electron Beam Melting (EBM)

Botero

Şelte²,

Ramsperger³

et al. 2021

Materials

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“…However, most of the materials that have been investigated were non-iron based, as their manufacturing was often combined with high production and material costs, or stainless or maraging steel [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Interest in the use of AM for cost-driven industries, tool steel applications in particular, has been increasing recently, which is reflected in the number of publications in the last years [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PBF-EB of Fe-Cr-V Alloy for Wear Applications

Franke-Jurisch

Mirz

Wenz³

et al. 2022

Materials

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Due to the small variety of materials, the areas of application of additive manufacturing in the toolmaking industry are currently still limited. In order to overcome these material restrictions, AM material development for high carbon-containing iron-based materials, which are characterized by high strength, hardness, and wear resistance, must be intensified. However, these materials are often susceptible to crack formation or lack of fusion defects during processing. Therefore, these materials are preferentially suited for electron beam powder bed fusion (PBF-EB). In this paper, an Fe-Cr-V alloy with 10% vanadium is presented. Investigations were carried out on the PBF-EB system Arcam A2X. Specimens and demonstrators are characterized by a three-phase microstructure with an Fe-rich matrix and VC and M7C3 reinforcements. The resulting microstructures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Furthermore, mechanical and physical properties were measured. A final field test was conducted to evaluate durability in use.

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“…As-built hardness was in the 620 HV0.1 to 740 HV0.1 range [22]. The highly alloyed cold-working tool steel Uddeholm Vanadis 4 Extra (C: 1.4, Cr: 4.7, Mo: 3.5, and V: 3.7 in wt-%) has been additively processed using PBF-EB [23,24]. Employing powder bed temperatures up to 1000 • C and area energies between 1.5 and 2.0 J/mm 2 , dense specimens were obtained.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manufacturing of Tool Steels by PBF-EB

Kirchner

Klöden

Franke-Jurisch

et al. 2021

Metals

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Additive manufacturing (AM) of metals is stimulating the tool making industry. Moreover, besides the production of lost forms, AM processes are now being used to directly generate tools, molds or parts, leading to massive time savings. In the case of material development for AM, the challenge is to operate with carbon-containing iron-based materials distinguished by high strength and hardness, as well as high corrosion resistance and thermal conductivity. Often, those materials are susceptible to crack formation during processing. Using Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-EB), the challenge of crack formation can be overcome by using high process temperatures in the range 800–900 °C. In this paper, results on the processing of a cold-working tool steel (X65MoCrWV3-2) and a hot-working steel (X37CrMoV5-1) will be presented. These include the processing window, processing strategies to minimize the density of cracks and properties with respect to microstructure and hardness.

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Additive Manufacturing of a Cold‐Work Tool Steel using Electron Beam Melting

Cited by 17 publications

References 13 publications

Microstructural and Mechanical Evaluation of a Cr-Mo-V Cold-Work Tool Steel Produced via Electron Beam Melting (EBM)

Microstructural and Mechanical Evaluation of a Cr-Mo-V Cold-Work Tool Steel Produced via Electron Beam Melting (EBM)

PBF-EB of Fe-Cr-V Alloy for Wear Applications

Manufacturing of Tool Steels by PBF-EB

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