Additive Manufacturing of Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems Electrodes

Abstract

Superior electrochemical performance, structural stability, facile integration, and versatility are desirable features of electrochemical energy storage devices. The increasing need for high‐power, high‐energy devices has prompted the investigation of manufacturing technologies that can produce structured battery and supercapacitor electrodes with optimized charge transport. While conventional electrode production techniques are becoming increasingly obsolete and incompatible with technological developments such as wearables and flexible electronics, additive manufacturing (AM) has emerged as one of several state‐of‐the‐art tools to produce 3D‐structured electrodes with morphology control, high yield, and scalability. Herein, a comprehensive review of the major AM technologies and most recent literature about designing and manufacturing electrode materials for batteries and supercapacitors is presented. A thorough discussion of research opportunities and challenges in this promising field is also presented to introduce the potential and importance of AM to current developments involving electrode materials.

Structural engineering of electrodes for flexible energy storage devices

“…There are currently numerous strategies for production of structural based electrodes, which includes micropatterning, 46 mechanical deforming, 47 lithography patterning 48 and 3D printing techniques. 49…”

“…There are currently numerous strategies for production of structural based electrodes, which includes micropatterning, 46 mechanical deforming, 47 lithography patterning 48 and 3D printing techniques. 49 The preparation of uniform and high-resolution nanoarrays on both rigid and flexible substrates has been realized using nanosphere lithography (NSL). It offers high precision, design flexibility and material flexibility to produce a great range of periodic nanostructures with pore sizes ranging from hundreds of nanometers to several micrometers.…”

Additive Manufacturing of Supercapacitor Electrodes – Materials, Methods and Design

“…The IJP process involves jetting ink droplets from a nozzle, followed by rapid and controlled impaction and deposition of droplets on the desired substrate as shown in Fig. 4 a) [56,57]. IJP can create complex patterns with high resolution and multi-material printing capability.…”

“…As a result, in 3D printing electrodes utilising the DIW technique, an adequate ink rheology with σ, as well as strong electronic conductivity and energy density of the raw materials, is required. DIW is one of the most popular 3D printing methods for SCs due to its low cost, material flexibility, and ability to construct complex 3D electrodes with high mass loading of active materials, which improves areal capacitance and energy density [56,66]. However, producing viscoelastic inks with high yield stress and subsequently achieving high mechanical strength between the layers are major challenges for the DIW technique.…”

Contribution to understanding electrodes, electrolytes, and their interfaces in a supercapacitor

“…The cell design is vital for improving the performance of SCs because each electrode's mass ratio and potential window influence the electrochemical performance [315,322]. One synthesis technique for solid-state electrolytes (including GPEs) is Additive Manufacturing [323]. The electrolytes synthesized by these techniques are suitable for assembling bendable and elastic SCs [154].…”