“…The production of hybrid scaffolds as the combination of layers of biodegradable polymer poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and layers of chitosan in combination with HA by electrospinning method resulted in continuous micro- and nano-fibers with high surface area and micropores that provided optimal attachment and proliferation of SaOS2 OS cells with high mineralisation activity [102] . Bioprinting methods have been also used to produce hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan-genipin hydrogels to analyse nanomechanical properties of generated bone tissue [103] . Bioprinter hybrid scaffolds resulted in a good structured TME that favoured 3D MG63 OS cell adhesion, culture and proliferation [103] , indicating that bioprinting methods constitute interesting platforms to analyse how the composition and architecture of ECM impact bone mineralisation.…”
Section: D Culture Methods Of Primary Bone Tumoursmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Bioprinting methods have been also used to produce hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan-genipin hydrogels to analyse nanomechanical properties of generated bone tissue [103] . Bioprinter hybrid scaffolds resulted in a good structured TME that favoured 3D MG63 OS cell adhesion, culture and proliferation [103] , indicating that bioprinting methods constitute interesting platforms to analyse how the composition and architecture of ECM impact bone mineralisation. Fig.…”
Section: D Culture Methods Of Primary Bone Tumoursmentioning
Highlights
3D cell cultures present similar drugs resistance features than
in vivo
tumours.
Unlike 2D cell cultures, 3D culture approaches mimic better the tumour microenvironment.
Collagen scaffolds result in a better osteosarcoma 3D proliferation than soft hydrogels.
Osteosarcoma 3D models constitute an appealing approach for bone mineralisation studies.
Combination of microfluidic/bioprinting technology with bone 3D cultures as ideal tools to study bone sarcomas.
“…The production of hybrid scaffolds as the combination of layers of biodegradable polymer poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and layers of chitosan in combination with HA by electrospinning method resulted in continuous micro- and nano-fibers with high surface area and micropores that provided optimal attachment and proliferation of SaOS2 OS cells with high mineralisation activity [102] . Bioprinting methods have been also used to produce hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan-genipin hydrogels to analyse nanomechanical properties of generated bone tissue [103] . Bioprinter hybrid scaffolds resulted in a good structured TME that favoured 3D MG63 OS cell adhesion, culture and proliferation [103] , indicating that bioprinting methods constitute interesting platforms to analyse how the composition and architecture of ECM impact bone mineralisation.…”
Section: D Culture Methods Of Primary Bone Tumoursmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Bioprinting methods have been also used to produce hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan-genipin hydrogels to analyse nanomechanical properties of generated bone tissue [103] . Bioprinter hybrid scaffolds resulted in a good structured TME that favoured 3D MG63 OS cell adhesion, culture and proliferation [103] , indicating that bioprinting methods constitute interesting platforms to analyse how the composition and architecture of ECM impact bone mineralisation. Fig.…”
Section: D Culture Methods Of Primary Bone Tumoursmentioning
Highlights
3D cell cultures present similar drugs resistance features than
in vivo
tumours.
Unlike 2D cell cultures, 3D culture approaches mimic better the tumour microenvironment.
Collagen scaffolds result in a better osteosarcoma 3D proliferation than soft hydrogels.
Osteosarcoma 3D models constitute an appealing approach for bone mineralisation studies.
Combination of microfluidic/bioprinting technology with bone 3D cultures as ideal tools to study bone sarcomas.
“…The results are shown in Figure 4 and demonstrated that the MS/CS scaffold had good in vitro bioactivity, as seen with the initial increases in the mechanical properties during immersion. Therefore, the MS/CS scaffold mimics the physicomechanical properties of cancellous bone, which has been identified as an effective method to build a bone tissue regeneration scaffold [41,42].…”
Section: Degradation and Mechanical Properties Of The Ms/cs Scaffoldmentioning
Tissue engineering and scaffolds play an important role in tissue regeneration by supporting cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. The design of a scaffold is critical in determining its feasibility, and it is critical to note that each tissue is unique in terms of its morphology and composition. However, calcium-silicate-based scaffolds are undegradable, which severely limits their application in bone regeneration. In this study, we developed a biodegradable mesoporous calcium silicate (MS)/calcium sulfate (CS)/poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) composite and fabricated a composite scaffold with 3D printing technologies. In addition, we were able to load bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) into MS powder via a one-step immersion procedure. The results demonstrated that the MS/CS scaffold gradually degraded within 3 months. More importantly, the scaffold exhibited a gradual release of BMP-2 throughout the test period. The adhesion and proliferation of human dental pulp stem cells on the MS/CS/BMP-2 (MS/CS/B) scaffold were significantly greater than that on the MS/CS scaffold. It was also found that cells cultured on the MS/CS/B scaffold had significantly higher levels of alkaline phosphatase activity and angiogenic-related protein expression. The MS/CS/B scaffold promoted the growth of new blood vessels and bone regeneration within 4 weeks of implantation in rabbits with induced critical-sized femoral defects. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the 3D-printed MS/CS/B scaffold can act both as a conventional BMP-2 delivery system and as an ideal osteoinductive biomaterial for bone regeneration.
“…It was predicted that CS can react with genipin by nucleophilic ring-opening reactions, which is more conducive to the formation of spatial network structures in studies [33,34]. Several studies have shown that the cytotoxicity of GNP is significantly lower than that of the classical crosslinking agent glutaraldehyde in vitro [35], and GNP has been continuously applied to manufacture biopolymer scaffolds in bone tissue engineering [36,37]. Accordingly, in this study, a series of CS/GO hydrogel scaffolds were fabricated by crosslinking CS and GO at different concentrations using GNP.…”
Angiogenesis in the field of tissue engineering has attracted significant attention. Graphene oxide has become a promising nanomaterial in tissue engineering for its unique biochemical properties. Therefore, herein, a series of chitosan (CS)/graphene oxide (GO) hydrogel scaffolds were synthesized by crosslinking CS and GO at different concentrations (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 wt.%) using genipin. Compared with the CS hydrogel scaffolds, the CS/GO hydrogel scaffolds have a better network structure and mechanical strength. Then, we used endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) extracted from human umbilical cord blood and cocultured these EPCs with the as-prepared scaffolds. The scaffolds with 0.1 and 0.5 wt.%GO showed no considerable cytotoxicity, could promote the proliferation of EPCs and tube formation, and upregulated the expressions of CD34, VEGF, MMP9, and SDF-1 in EPCs compared to the case of the scaffold with 1.0 wt.%GO. This study shows that the addition of graphene oxide improves the structure of chitosan hydrogel and enhances the proliferation activity and angiogenic capacity of EPCs.
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