Additive manufacturing of tungsten using directed energy deposition for potential nuclear fusion application

Xie, Jichang; Lu, Haifei; Lu, Jinzhong; Song, Xinling; Wu, Shikai; Lei, Jianbo

doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.126884

Cited by 42 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Significant progress has been achieved in AM W. The relative mass density of the additive manufactured W parts can reach 98% of the theoretical density [2,10,13]. However, it is still very challenging or even impossible to fabricate the W component without microcrack formation through AM [2,14] due to the following reasons. Firstly, very high thermal stresses and temperature gradient arise during rapid heating, melting, and solidification of AM [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dislocation evolution during additive manufacturing of tungsten

Cui¹,

Li²,

Wang³

et al. 2021

Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) frequently encounters part quality issues such as geometrical inaccuracy, cracking, warping, etc. This is associated with its unique thermal and mechanical cycling during AM, as well as the material properties. Although many efforts have been spent on this problem, the underlying dislocation evolution mechanism during AM is still largely unknown, despite its essential role in the deformation and cracking behavior during AM and the properties of as-fabricated parts. In this work, a coupling method of three-dimensional dislocation dynamics and finite element method is established to disclose the mechanisms and features of dislocations during AM. Tungsten (W) is chosen as the investigated material due to its wide application. The internal thermal activated nature of dislocation mobility in W is taken into account. The correlations between the combined thermal and mechanical cycles and dislocation evolutions are disclosed. The effect of adding alloying element Ta in W is discussed from the perspectives of tuning dislocation mobility and introducing nanoparticles, which helps to understand why higher dislocation density and fewer microcracks are observed when adding Ta. The current work sheds new light on the long-standing debating of dislocation origin and evolutions in the AM field.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dislocation evolution during additive manufacturing of tungsten

Cui¹,

Li²,

Wang³

et al. 2021

Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng.

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“…A higher cooling rate r results in a finer grain. [ 41 ] The temperature gradient G can be calculated as follows [ 42 ]

G = \frac{2 K {false({T ‐ T}_{0} false)}^{2}}{η P}

where K is the thermal conductivity of the material, T is the liquid temperature, T 0 is the initial temperature of the substrate, η is the laser absorption coefficient, and P is the laser power. [ 43 ]…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the microstructure size was determined by the cooling rate r related to G Â R. A higher cooling rate r results in a finer grain. [41] The temperature gradient G can be calculated as follows [42] G…”

Section: Microstructural Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser‐Directed Energy Deposition Additive Manufacturing of Nickel–Titanium Coatings: Deposition Morphology, Microstructures, and Mechanical Properties

Yuan

Lin

et al. 2022

Adv Eng Mater

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To overcome the disadvantages of comparatively poor surface hardness and deprived resistance against wear of Ti–6Al–4V alloy, the protective NiTi coatings are fabricated at different processing parameters by laser‐directed energy deposition (LDED). This work presents a comprehensive study of deposition morphology, phase constituents, microstructural evolution, composition distribution, and mechanical properties of as‐fabricated NiTi deposition tracks. The relationship among processing parameters and deposition morphology, phase constituents, and mechanical properties is established. The microstructural evolution mechanism and the composition distribution on the cross section of deposition tracks are revealed. Results show that the deposition tracks are successfully formed under all laser processing parameters, and the dilution ratio increases with the increase in laser power and scanning speed. The deposition tracks consist of NiTi2, NiTi, and α–Ti. According to the microstructural analysis, planar crystals are formed between the substrate and the deposition tracks, and columnar and equiaxed dendrites are found in the deposition tracks. The average microhardness increases continuously with the increase in laser power. The deposition track prepared at laser power of 1400 W has the highest average microhardness of 732.45 HV0.2. The deposition track at this laser power exhibits excellent wear properties, with a wear rate of 2.25 × 10−6 mm3 Nm−1.

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“…Another kind of additive manufacturing is a directed energy deposition consisting of the use of a high-energy laser, which irradiates and simultaneously heats a substrate and initial powder. The deposition process consists of creating a melt on a substrate and simultaneously feeding the powder into the melt [ 38 , 39 , 40 ]. In general, other additive techniques are used in the composite formation, such as powder bed fusion for the surface-modified copper powder production and subsequent laser-based additive manufacturing [ 41 , 42 , 43 ], binder jet printing for the tungsten-heavy alloying [ 44 ], and the extrusion of the material for the porous tungsten carbide composite fabrication [ 45 ], etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isostatic Hot Pressed W–Cu Composites with Nanosized Grain Boundaries: Microstructure, Structure and Radiation Shielding Efficiency against Gamma Rays

et al. 2022

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The W–Cu composites with nanosized grain boundaries and high effective density were fabricated using a new fast isostatic hot pressing method. A significantly faster method was proposed for the formation of W–Cu composites in comparison to the traditional ones. The influence of both the high temperature and pressure conditions on the microstructure, structure, chemical composition, and density values were observed. It has been shown that W–Cu samples have a polycrystalline well-packed microstructure. The copper performs the function of a matrix that surrounds the tungsten grains. The W–Cu composites have mixed bcc-W (sp. gr. Im3m) and fcc-Cu (sp. gr. Fm3m) phases. The W crystallite sizes vary from 107 to 175 nm depending on the sintering conditions. The optimal sintering regimes of the W–Cu composites with the highest density value of 16.37 g/cm3 were determined. Tungsten–copper composites with thicknesses of 0.06–0.27 cm have been fabricated for the radiation protection efficiency investigation against gamma rays. It has been shown that W–Cu samples have a high shielding efficiency from gamma radiation in the 0.276–1.25 MeV range of energies, which makes them excellent candidates as materials for radiation protection.

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Additive manufacturing of tungsten using directed energy deposition for potential nuclear fusion application

Cited by 42 publications

References 40 publications

Dislocation evolution during additive manufacturing of tungsten

Dislocation evolution during additive manufacturing of tungsten

Laser‐Directed Energy Deposition Additive Manufacturing of Nickel–Titanium Coatings: Deposition Morphology, Microstructures, and Mechanical Properties

Isostatic Hot Pressed W–Cu Composites with Nanosized Grain Boundaries: Microstructure, Structure and Radiation Shielding Efficiency against Gamma Rays

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