“…Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3 D printing, is defined as the process of adding materials to fabricate objects from three-dimensional (3 D) models (CAD models) in successive layers, as opposed to traditional subtractive manufacturing methods. In more than 20 years of AM development, numerous novel AM processes have been developed, with applications in aerospace, automotive, biomedical, digital art, architectural design, and other fields (Gibson et al , 2021; Beyca et al , 2018; Benal et al , 2022; Dwivedi et al , 2022). Currently, printing with a single material has dominated the 3 D printing industry and it is impractical to use conventional composite manufacturing techniques in AM.…”