Additively Manufactured Rotating Disk Electrodes and Experimental Setup

Abstract

This manuscript details the first report of a complete additively manufactured rotating disk electrode setup, highlighting how high-performing equipment can be designed and produced rapidly using additive manufacturing without compromising on performance. The additively manufactured rotating disk electrode system was printed using a predominantly acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) based filament and used widely available, low-cost electronics, and simplified machined parts to create. The additively manufactured rotating disk electrode system costs less than 2% of a comparable commercial solution (£84.47 ($102.26) total). The rotating disk electrode is also additively manufactured using a carbon black/polylactic acid (CB/PLA) equivalent, developing a completely additively manufactured rotating disk electrode system. The electrochemical characterization of the additively manufactured rotating disk electrode setup was performed using hexaamineruthenium(III) chloride and compared favorably with a commercial glassy carbon electrode. Finally, this work shows how the additively manufactured rotating disk electrode experimental system and additive manufactured electrodes can be utilized for the electroanalytical determination of levodopa, a drug used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, producing a limit of detection of 0.23 ± 0.03 μM. This work represents a step-change in how additive manufacturing can be used in research, allowing the production of high-end equipment for hugely reduced costs, without compromising on performance. Utilizing additive manufacturing in this way could greatly enhance the research possibilities for less well-funded research groups.

Circular Economy Electrochemistry: Creating Additive Manufacturing Feedstocks for Caffeine Detection from Post-Industrial Coffee Pod Waste

“…14,30−33 The latter began with the printing of simple "lollipop" shape (or disk) working electrodes 34,35 but has progressed further to electrodes of varying geometries 36 and the electrochemical cell itself; 37−39 even accessories 13 and electrochemical experimental equipment has been reported. 40 Compared to the use of conventional electrodes, AM allows for the production of electrodes with bespoke geometries at significantly lower manufacturing timescales and costs, by simply altering the computational design. 41,42 There are significant issues still to address within AM electrochemistry, such as the need to "activate" the surface of the electrode to reveal conductive materials, 34 surface fouling (as seen with conventional commercial electrodes), and the ingress of solutions into the plastic.…”

Recycled Additive Manufacturing Feedstocks for Fabricating High Voltage, Low‐Cost Aqueous Supercapacitors

“…In particular, the bespoke part production afforded by AM is becoming increasingly popular in the field of electrochemistry, [ 4 ] electrochemical equipment, [ 5 ] electroanalysis, [ 6 ] reaction mechanistic studies, [ 7 ] electrosynthesis, [ 8 ] electrocatalysis [ 9 ] and electrochemical energy storage. [ 10 ] More specifically, there has been an increasing number of publications detailing the use of relatively low‐cost Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 3D printers to produce inventively designed fixtures, sample holders, and even electrodes when a conductive polymer composite material is used.…”

“…5 ), as shown in Figure6A. The impedance spectrum consists of semi-circular and linear regions at the high Adv.…”

“…In particular, the bespoke part production afforded by AM is becoming increasingly popular in the field of electrochemistry, [4] electrochemical equipment, [5] electroanalysis, [6] reaction mechanistic studies, [7] electrosynthesis, [8] electrocatalysis [9] and electrochemical energy storage. [10] More specifically, there has been an increasing number of publications detailing the use of The first recycled conductive poly(lactic acid) (PLA) filament derived from post-industrial waste sources for additive manufacturing (AM) is reported herein, presenting a paradigm shift in plastic waste recycling, AM filament production, and AM energy storage architectures.…”

“…Production of parts in this way has a number of advantages, for example, the ability to manufacture locally and ondemand, plus it affords a high degree of part complexity and easy customization of objects. These design advantages in particular mean that polymer AM has significant potential for the upcycling of plastic waste since complex and/or bespoke parts are inherently high value.In particular, the bespoke part production afforded by AM is becoming increasingly popular in the field of electrochemistry, [4] electrochemical equipment, [5] electroanalysis, [6] reaction mechanistic studies, [7] electrosynthesis, [8] electrocatalysis [9] and electrochemical energy storage. [10] More specifically, there has been an increasing number of publications detailing the use of The first recycled conductive poly(lactic acid) (PLA) filament derived from post-industrial waste sources for additive manufacturing (AM) is reported herein, presenting a paradigm shift in plastic waste recycling, AM filament production, and AM energy storage architectures.…”