Additively Manufactured Self-Healing Structures with Embedded Healing Agent Reservoirs

Davami, Keivan; Mohsenizadeh, Mehrdad; Mitcham, Morgan; Damasus, Praveen; Williams, Quintin; Munther, Michael

doi:10.1038/s41598-019-43883-3

Cited by 25 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Aside for acting as actuation fluid, the embedded resin can also be used to incorporate an extrinsic healing mechanism in the system. [ 282 ] This was demonstrated by Wallin et al., [ 47 ] who manufactured a hydraulic actuator via SLA, in which uncured photo‐resin is used as actuation fluid for a bidirectional bending actuator. It permits to heal damages caused by sharp objects in the actuator walls via photocuring.…”

Section: Additive Manufacturingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processing of Self‐Healing Polymers for Soft Robotics

et al. 2021

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Soft robots are, due to their softness, inherently safe and adapt well to unstructured environments. However, they are prone to various damage types. Self‐healing polymers address this vulnerability. Self‐healing soft robots can recover completely from macroscopic damage, extending their lifetime. For developing healable soft robots, various formative and additive manufacturing methods have been exploited to shape self‐healing polymers into complex structures. Additionally, several novel manufacturing techniques, noted as (re)assembly binding techniques that are specific to self‐healing polymers, have been created. Herein, the wide variety of processing techniques of self‐healing polymers for robotics available in the literature is reviewed, and limitations and opportunities discussed thoroughly. Based on defined requirements for soft robots, these techniques are critically compared and validated. A strong focus is drawn to the reversible covalent and (physico)chemical cross‐links present in the self‐healing polymers that do not only endow healability to the resulting soft robotic components, but are also beneficial in many manufacturing techniques. They solve current obstacles in soft robots, including the formation of robust multi‐material parts, recyclability, and stress relaxation. This review bridges two promising research fields, and guides the reader toward selecting a suitable processing method based on a self‐healing polymer and the intended soft robotics application.

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Section: Additive Manufacturingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processing of Self‐Healing Polymers for Soft Robotics

et al. 2021

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“…[310] The self-testing efficiencies based on these mechanical tests can be fed into the training set (data) of the self-healing algorithm. Based on the knowledge of mechanical property difference in the polymer before and after the self-healing process, nondestructive techniques [311,312] such as nanoindentation, [313,314] acoustic emission [315] and infrared tomography [312] can be used in situ and autonomously to test the self-healing process.…”

Section: Self-healing and Self-testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress and Roadmap for Intelligent Self‐Healing Materials in Autonomous Robotics

et al. 2020

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self-repair in order to survive and thrive. Soft to hard tissues can self-regenerate when injured, including the skin and bones. [6] Some of the living tissues, such as nails and bones, can even continuously remodeling themselves, removing the damaged tissues unintentionally and replaced by newly grown tissues. However, unlike regenerative and remodeling capabilities in nature, robots are made from nonliving synthetic materials such as polymers and metals. Hence, as we develop robots to have greater autonomy and capabilities, having the ability to self-heal or self-repair is becoming more critical, if not, essential, especially from an environmental sustainability point of view. [2,[7][8][9][10][11] The term self-healing materials, also often referred to as self-mending or selfrepairing materials, are materials that can regain some or most of its original material properties when damaged. In synthetic materials, the self-healing materials repair their damage without regenerative origins. As these selfhealing materials undergo self-repair, they regain their original intended functions through the recovery of the desired material properties, without an increase in original mass.As the number of self-healing materials is growing at a rapid clip, we first establish a brief history in this review to help the reader gain a broader perspective on self-healing materials. We emphasize on self-healing materials that recover their mechanical properties, because mechanical properties often dictate the possible applications. Figure 1 highlights the various selfhealing materials from high modulus to low modulus materials that can be used for robotic applications.There are two broad classifications for self-healing materials: a) autonomic versus nonautonomic self-healing materials; b) intrinsic versus extrinsic self-healing. [8] These self-healing materials can recover their properties either autonomously, i.e., without significant external intervention, much like human tissues; or they can also heal with external intervention, such as when some external environment changes cause temperature increment or via various triggers such as mechanical stimuli. Intrinsic self-healing materials do not need external healing agents, while extrinsic self-healing materials contain external healing agents for the healing of the matrix materials. In addition to those classifications, we will provide new insights on classifying these materials further into this review.In Section 2, we discuss various types of smart biomimetic robots where self-healing materials can be beneficial. Section 3 Robots are increasingly assisting humans in performing various tasks. Like special agents with elite skills, they can venture to distant locations and adverse environments, such as the deep sea and outer space. Micro/nanobots can also act as intrabody agents for healthcare applications. Self-healing materials that can autonomously perform repair functions are useful to address the unpredictability of the environment and the increasing drive toward the autonom...

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“…Inherent brittleness and faultiness of polymeric composites make them apt to form microcracks, propagating to failure 2 . Recently, smart materials [3][4][5] inspired from the biological systems were developed to repair inside damage whenever and wherever it occurs during the lifetime of polymeric composites, which would provide a method to significantly extend the service life and reliability of polymeric structural composites [6][7][8][9][10][11] . To realize this purpose, a series of strategies have been exploited such as embedded healing microcapsule and its curing agent 12,13 , embedded dual-microcapsule including healing agent and hardener [14][15][16] , embedded vascular network containing healing agent [17][18][19][20][21] , and so on [22][23][24] .…”

Section: Microencapsulation Of Tris(dimethylaminomethyl) Phenol Usingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microencapsulation of tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol using polystyrene shell for self-healing materials

Zhang²,

Zhang

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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The self-healing function of the polymer material has been realized by the microencapsulation technology of the healing agent. A novel microcapsule contained tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol (DMP-30) with polystyrene as shell material was prepared via solvent evaporation technique in a W/O/W emulsion. Two key strategies were implemented to prepare the microcapsules successfully. First, a small amount of deionized water was added into DMP-30 to form a complex, and a stable W/O emulsion was successfully prepared. The second one is to form a stable W/O/W emulsion system with the high viscosity aqueous solution added with Arabia gum and surfactants as the third phase. In addition, the influencing factors of microcapsules preparation were investigated systematically. The chemical structure of DMP-30 microcapsule was investigated by Fourier transform infrared. The morphology and shell thickness of the microcapsules were observed by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. The reactivity of the core material was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The thermal properties of microcapsules were studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The environmental resistance of microcapsules was verified by the isothermal aging test. Results showed that DMP-30 was successfully coated by polystyrene and the microcapsule size was in the range of 2–40 μm. The synthesized microcapsules were thermally stable below 50 °C.

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Additively Manufactured Self-Healing Structures with Embedded Healing Agent Reservoirs

Cited by 25 publications

References 30 publications

Processing of Self‐Healing Polymers for Soft Robotics

Processing of Self‐Healing Polymers for Soft Robotics

Progress and Roadmap for Intelligent Self‐Healing Materials in Autonomous Robotics

Microencapsulation of tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol using polystyrene shell for self-healing materials

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