Additively Manufactured Zirconia for Dental Applications

Nakai, Hiroto; Inokoshi, Masanao; Nozaki, Kosuke; Komatsu, Keiji; Kamijo, Shingo; Liu, Hengyi; Shimizubata, Makoto; Minakuchi, Shunsuke; Meerbeek, Bart Van; Zhang, Fei; Zhang, Fei

doi:10.3390/ma14133694

Cited by 61 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…According to the XRD analysis, the present study demonstrated that all zirconia groups (SM and AM) had comparable phase composition and pattern with tetragonal phase forming the bulk of the material, similar to what was reported by Nakai et al [ 29 ]. However, in our study, monoclinic phase was detected more apparently in the tilted group.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Based on the effect size detected between AM and SM zirconia [ 29 , 32 ] and that between horizontally and vertically printed zirconia specimens [ 36 ], with a level of significance set at 0.05 and a power of 95%, each test group must contain 12 specimens ( , accessed on 7 September 2021). However, the number of specimens dedicated for BFS was increased to 15 to allow for Weibull analysis later as recommended by ISO standard #6872 [ 37 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar studies are not yet available at such wide scale for dental ceramics. The investigated variables of AM ceramics included material composition [ 29 , 30 ], porosity [ 8 ], or the comparison of AM zirconia to that of the SM zirconia [ 3 , 29 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. Only a scarce number of studies compared between the properties of horizontally and vertically printed ceramics [ 29 , 34 , 35 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physiomechanical and Surface Characteristics of 3D-Printed Zirconia: An In Vitro Study

et al. 2022

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The objective of this study is to examine the physiomechanical and surface properties of 3D-printed zirconia in comparison to milled zirconia. A total of 80 disc-shaped (14 × 1.5 ± 0.2 mm) specimens (20 milled and 60 3D-printed (at three different orientations; horizontal, vertical, and tilted)) were manufactured from 3-mol% yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia. Five specimens per group were evaluated for crystalline phase, grain size, density, porosity, surface roughness, wettability, microhardness, and SEM analysis of the surface. Biaxial flexural strength (BFS) was measured (n = 15) followed by Weibull analysis and SEM of fractured surfaces. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test at α = 0.05. All groups showed a predominant tetragonal phase, with a 450 nm average grain size. There was no significant difference between groups with regards to density, porosity, and microhardness (p > 0.05). The tilted group had the highest surface roughness (0.688 ± 0.080 µm), significantly different from the milled (p = 0.012). The horizontal group presented the highest contact angle (89.11 ± 5.22°), significantly different from the milled and tilted (p > 0.05). The BFS of the milled group (1507.27 ± 340.10 MPa) was significantly higher than all other groups (p < 0.01), while vertical and tilted had a similar BFS that was significantly lower than horizontal (p < 0.005). The highest and lowest Weibull modulus were seen with tilted and milled, respectively. Physical properties of all groups were comparable. The surface roughness of the tilted group was higher than milled. The horizontal group had the highest hydrophobicity. Printing orientations influenced the flexural strength of 3D-printed zirconia. Clinical implications: This study demonstrates how the printing orientation affects the physiomechanical characteristics of printed zirconia.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physiomechanical and Surface Characteristics of 3D-Printed Zirconia: An In Vitro Study

et al. 2022

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“…Although none of the groups examined were able to fully mimic the specimens’ virtual design, the AM zirconia with a porosity of 40% had the highest fabricating accuracy and the smallest volume change after manufacturing, followed by the 20% porosity and 0% porosity groups. Nakai et al [ 38 ] evaluated the crystallography, microstructure and flexural strength square-shaped SLA additively manufactured zirconia-based ceramics and compared with milled zirconia. AM 3Y-TZP; LithaCon 3Y 230 (Lithoz) with printing orientation 90-degree and 3D Mix zirconia (3DCeram Sinto) with 0-degree printing orientation and one alumina-toughened zirconia (ATZ) with 0-degree were compared with milled 3Y-TZP zirconia.…”

Section: Additive Manufacturing Techniques For Zirconia Ceramicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additive Manufacturing of Zirconia Ceramic and Its Application in Clinical Dentistry: A Review

et al. 2021

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Additive manufacturing (AM) has many advantages and became a valid manufacturing technique for polymers and metals in dentistry. However, its application for dental ceramics is still in process. Among dental ceramics, zirconia is becoming popular and widely used in dentistry mainly due to its outstanding properties. Although subtractive technology or milling is the state of art for manufacturing zirconia restorations but still has shortcomings. Utilizing AM in fabricating ceramics restorations is a new topic for many researchers and companies across the globe and a good understanding of AM of zirconia is essential for dental professional. Therefore, the aim of this narrative review is to illustrate different AM technologies available for processing zirconia and discus their advantages and future potential. A comprehensive literature review was completed to summarize different AM technologies that are available to fabricate zirconia and their clinical application is reported. The results show a promising outcome for utilizing AM of zirconia in restorative, implant and regenerative dentistry. However further improvements and validation is necessary to approve its clinical application.

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“…To date, X-ray analysis, optical, and scanning electron microscopy are the three most popular techniques applied by industrial and research practitioners to analyse microstructures [46][47][48]. In Mg alloys, the grain size in microstructures greatly influences mechanical and other tribological properties [27,33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Image Processing of Mg-Al-Sn Alloy Microstructures for Determining Phase Ratios and Grain Size and Correction with Manual Measurement

et al. 2021

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The study of microstructures for the accurate control of material properties is of industrial relevance. Identification and characterization of microstructural properties by manual measurement are often slow, labour intensive, and have a lack of repeatability. In the present work, the intermetallic phase ratio and grain size in the microstructure of known Mg-Sn-Al alloys were measured by computer vision (CV) technology. New Mg (Magnesium) alloys with different alloying element contents were selected as the work materials. Mg alloys (Mg-Al-Sn) were produced using the hot-pressing powder metallurgy technique. The alloys were sintered at 620 °C under 50 MPa pressure in an argon gas atmosphere. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were taken for all the fabricated alloys (three alloys: Mg-7Al-5Sn, Mg-8Al-5Sn, Mg-9Al-5Sn). From the SEM images, the grain size was counted manually and automatically with the application of CV technology. The obtained results were evaluated by correcting automated grain counting procedures with manual measurements. The accuracy of the automated counting technique for determining the grain count exceeded 92% compared to the manual counting procedure. In addition, ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) grain sizes were accurately calculated (approximately 99% accuracy) according to the determined grain counts in the SEM images. Hence, a successful approach was proposed by calculating the ASTM grain sizes of each alloy with respect to manual and automated counting methods. The intermetallic phases (Mg17Al12 and Mg2Sn) were also detected by theoretical calculations and automated measurements. The accuracy of automated measurements for Mg17Al12 and Mg2Sn intermetallic phases were over 95% and 97%, respectively. The proposed automatic image processing technique can be used as a tool to track and analyse the grain and intermetallic phases of the microstructure of other alloys such as AZ31 and AZ91 magnesium alloys, aluminium, titanium, and Co alloys.

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Additively Manufactured Zirconia for Dental Applications

Cited by 61 publications

References 30 publications

Physiomechanical and Surface Characteristics of 3D-Printed Zirconia: An In Vitro Study

Physiomechanical and Surface Characteristics of 3D-Printed Zirconia: An In Vitro Study

Additive Manufacturing of Zirconia Ceramic and Its Application in Clinical Dentistry: A Review

Image Processing of Mg-Al-Sn Alloy Microstructures for Determining Phase Ratios and Grain Size and Correction with Manual Measurement

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