Additives for Acidizing Fluids: Their Functions, Interactions, and Limitations

Nasr‐El‐Din, Hisham A.

doi:10.2118/9781613994269-09

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 127 publications

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“…These surfactants play a pivotal role in enhancing the efficiency of the acid treatment. 745 Suspending agents, typically composed of polymers or surfactants, prevent insoluble particles from settling and forming bridges, which can lead to blockages in the formed pores or fractures. In addition to their emulsion-preventing properties, certain suspending particles aid in improving the formation wetting by reducing the surface tension of the fresh and spent acid.…”

Section: Green Corrosion Inhibition: Current Advancements and Future ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Principles and theories of green chemistry for corrosion science and engineering: design and application

Verma,

Chauhan,

Aslam

et al. 2024

Green Chem.

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Section: Green Corrosion Inhibition: Current Advancements and Future ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Principles and theories of green chemistry for corrosion science and engineering: design and application

Verma,

Chauhan,

Aslam

et al. 2024

Green Chem.

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“…Therefore, a thorough evaluation of various commercial inhibitors, surfactants, and solvents becomes imperative to better understand the effects of these additives on reservoir acidizing. In accordance with their functions, acid additives can be classified into categories such as corrosion inhibitors, iron control agents, emulsion inhibitors, H 2 S scavengers, and more 20 , 21 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive analysis of carbonate matrix acidizing using viscoelastic diverting acid system in a gas field

Keihani Kamal,

Mahdavi Kalatehno,

Daneshfar

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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This paper explores matrix acidizing, a method to enhance well productivity by injecting acid into the formation to dissolve damage or create flow channels. Focusing on gas well acidizing, it introduces a groundbreaking three-stage approach with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and viscoelastic diverting acid (VDA). Unlike recent research, which often overlooked specific VDA stages and favored VES or surfactant gelled systems, this study innovatively integrates VDA throughout laboratory experimentation, simulation modeling, and operational execution. The article showcases the effectiveness of HCl and VDA in dissolving reservoir materials, preventing issues like emulsion formation and iron precipitation, reducing corrosion and H2S emissions, enhancing penetration depth, fluid flow channels, and stimulating all reservoir layers. Utilizing a numerical model, it recommends an optimal acidizing method with five main acid injection stages and five VDA injection stages. The results demonstrate a notable increase of 100% in gas production, an 84% rise in gas pressure, and a reduction of BS&W from 7 to 3%. Aimed at industry professionals, this paper serves as a guide for optimizing well productivity and gas recovery processes.

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Mud-Acid Interactions With Sand and Clay-Based Ceramic Proppants Used in Gravel-Packed and Fractured Wells

Assem

Nasr‐El‐Din

Fuss

et al. 2016

SPE Production &Amp; Operations

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Summary Proppants are solid particles with specific mechanical strength that are widely used in hydraulic-fracturing operations. Their main purpose is to keep fractures open and increase well production. They can be naturally occurring sand grains or synthetic ceramic proppants. The acid resistance of fracturing proppants is an important property because acids are used during the hydraulic-fracturing process to remove the scale and clays that affect fracture conductivity. These acids affect proppants that are already present in the fracture, as well. Industry measures acid solubility of proppants according to the API RP 19C (2008)/ISO 13503-2 (2006) standard. This measurement produces a solubility number, but gives no guidance on the expected final effect of acid dissolution on the mechanical performance of tested proppants or on how acid-solubility values vary as a function of time, temperature, and dynamic conditions. This study investigates factors affecting the interactions of regular mud acid [hydrofluoric acid (HF)/hydrochloric acid (HCl) = 3:12] with sand and clay-based proppants under downhole conditions. Experiments were conducted by use of an aging cell at temperatures up to 300°F. The effects of varying temperatures, soaking times, and static and dynamic conditions were examined. The supernatant of solubility tests was analyzed with fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance (19F-NMR) to identify the reaction products. Total aluminum, iron, silicon, titanium, and calcium concentrations were measured by inductively coupled plasma optical-emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). A Zeiss Axiophot microscope was used to acquire images for the proppant particles to study particle shape and effect of acid solubility. Proppants were then analyzed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). After the solubility tests, the proppants and the residual solids were dried and analyzed by use of scanning-electron microscopes (SEMs) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) capabilities. Effects of acid dissolution on mechanical performance of the proppants were also tested through use of an automated load frame. The results show that sand proppants are readily soluble in regular mud acid, with a maximum recorded solubility of 10 wt%. The amount dissolved increases with temperature, soaking time, and dynamic conditions. Clay-based proppants are also soluble in mud acid, with much higher acid solubility than that seen in sand proppants. The proppant packs show more compaction for clay-based proppants than for sand proppants before and after acid exposure. Understanding the effects of acid on natural and synthetic proppants will improve production by promoting the design of acidizing regimens used during hydraulic-fracturing operations.

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Additives for Acidizing Fluids: Their Functions, Interactions, and Limitations

Cited by 5 publications

References 127 publications

Principles and theories of green chemistry for corrosion science and engineering: design and application

Principles and theories of green chemistry for corrosion science and engineering: design and application

A comprehensive analysis of carbonate matrix acidizing using viscoelastic diverting acid system in a gas field

Mud-Acid Interactions With Sand and Clay-Based Ceramic Proppants Used in Gravel-Packed and Fractured Wells

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