Addressing and routing in hexagonal networks with applications for tracking mobile users and connection rerouting in cellular networks

Abstract

Nodes in a hexagonal network are placed at the vertices of a regular triangular tessellation, so that each node has up to six neighbors. The network is proposed as an alternative interconnection network to mesh connected computer (with nodes serving as processors) and is used also to model cellular networks where nodes are base stations. In this paper, we propose a suitable addressing scheme for nodes (with two variants), derive a formula for distance between nodes, and present a very simple and elegant routing algorithm. This addressing scheme and corresponding routing algorithm for hexagonal interconnection are considerably simpler than previously proposed solutions. We then apply the addressing scheme for solving two problems in cellular networks. With the new scheme, the distance between the new and old cell to which a mobile phone user is connected can be easily determined and coded with three integers, one of them being zero. Further, in order to minimize the wireless cost of tracking mobile users, we propose hexagonal cell identification codes containing three, four, or six bits, respectively, to implement a distance based tracking strategy. These schemes do not have errors in determining cell distance in existing hexagonal based cellular networks, which is not the case with recently proposed 3 bit cell identification codes based on an artificial square mesh placed over a hexagonal network (moreover, the existing mesh schemes fail to address the diagonal moves that may cause additional unrecoverable errors). Our schemes provide efficient implementation of distance and movement based tracking schemes in cellular networks, by providing information generally not available to the user, and means to manipulate it for accurate cell distance determination. Another application is for connection rerouting in cellular networks during a path extension process. In a path extension scheme, the path for ongoing calls is extended from the old base station to a new one using the link between neighboring base stations. If the path is extended several times due to mobility, our scheme provides an elegant way to reroute the connection from the latest base station to the base station of original connection and, therefore, minimize the length of extended path.

A Survey on Area Planning for Heterogeneous Networks

“…Cellular networks are commonly designed as hexagonal networks, where nodes serve as base stations to which mobile users must connect to make or receive phone calls. Hence base stations are planned in such a way that they serve all users that are located inside a hexagon centered at that base station [6]. The general problem in wireless communication is to optimize bandwidth utilization while providing better quality of service.…”

“…The hexagonal network (Figure 1(d)) is built by using the triangular tessellation. The applications of hexagonal networks are tracking mobile users and connection rerouting in cellular networks [6]. The torus networks (Figure 1(b)) are built by using the honeycomb structure with wraparound connections.…”

Adaptive routing in hexagonal torus interconnection networks

“…Recently [9] shows that the EJ networks are a generalization of the hexagonal wraparound mesh (hexagonal torus) networks developed earlier in [10], [11], and [12]. The hexagonal torus network was used in the design of the Hexagonal Architecture for Real-Time Systems (HARTS) machine at the University of Michigan [10] and more recently it has been proposed for cellular networks [13].…”

“…Later on, [13] improve this addressing scheme by using fewer bits in each component; however, under this addressing every node can be addressed in more than one possible way. Recently, a two component addressing scheme for hexagonal networks has been proposed in [7] and [8].…”

WI-FI Tracker: an Organization WI-FI Tracking System

“…For example, the Global Positioning System (GPS) [1][2][3] which uses satellites and specific equipment location positioning, is very accurate and available for global implementations. In another dimension cell based tracking in cellular networks [4][5][6] which is limited to the coverage area of the Cell has a design goal of providing access services not location based information. Also sensor networks [7,8] can be installed as a small RF device to generated signals to be interrupted by applications or user carried devices.…”