Addressing Externalities From Swine Production to Reduce Public Health and Environmental Impacts

Osterberg, David; Wallinga, David

doi:10.2105/ajph.94.10.1703

Cited by 53 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…These inequalities can be traced back to how, under what conditions, and by whom food is produced, processed, distributed, and consumed, and the role of corporations and governments in shaping these conditions. Food justice issues include the unfair treatment of workers in housing, health, and labor conditions (Shreck et al 2006, Getz et al 2008; agrochemical exposure health risks to workers, communities, and consumers (Pulido and Peña 1998, Galt 2008, Marks et al 2010, Harrison 2011, Peña 2011 (Osterberg and Wallinga 2004); lack of farm and food worker access to healthy foods (Wirth et al 2007); and loss of access to land (Wolford 2008). By addressing these issues, food justice activism is evolving toward a strategy that encompasses both social justice and ecological sustainability (Gottlieb and Joshi 2010).…”

Section: Alternative Agri-food Network Food Sovereignty and Justicementioning

confidence: 99%

Diversified Farming Systems: An Agroecological, Systems-based Alternative to Modern Industrial Agriculture

Kremen¹,

Iles²,

Bacon³

2012

E&S

512

302

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This Special Issue on Diversified Farming Systems is motivated by a desire to understand how agriculture designed according to whole systems, agroecological principles can contribute to creating a more sustainable, socially just, and secure global food system. We first define Diversified Farming Systems (DFS) as farming practices and landscapes that intentionally include functional biodiversity at multiple spatial and/or temporal scales in order to maintain ecosystem services that provide critical inputs to agriculture, such as soil fertility, pest and disease control, water use efficiency, and pollination. We explore to what extent DFS overlap or are differentiated from existing concepts such as sustainable, multifunctional, organic or ecoagriculture. DFS are components of social-ecological systems that depend on certain combinations of traditional and contemporary knowledge, cultures, practices, and governance structures. Further, as ecosystem services are generated and regenerated within a DFS, the resulting social benefits in turn support the maintenance of the DFS, enhancing its ability to provision these services sustainably. We explore how social institutions, particularly alternative agri-food networks and agrarian movements, may serve to promote DFS approaches, but note that such networks and movements have other primary goals and are not always explicitly connected to the environmental and agroecological concerns embodied within the DFS concept. We examine global trends in agriculture to investigate to what extent industrialized forms of agriculture are replacing former DFS, assess the current and potential contributions of DFS to food security, food sovereignty and the global food supply, and determine where and under what circumstances DFS are expanding rather than contracting

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Section: Alternative Agri-food Network Food Sovereignty and Justicementioning

confidence: 99%

Diversified Farming Systems: An Agroecological, Systems-based Alternative to Modern Industrial Agriculture

Kremen¹,

Iles²,

Bacon³

2012

E&S

512

302

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…CAFOs now dominate US livestock and poultry production. In the USA in 1966, 57 million pigs were distributed among one million farms; in 2001 these same 57 million pigs were raised on 80 000 farms, and over half were raised in just 5000 facilities 49 (see Figs 2 and 3). Vertical integration of the industry has occurred along with industrialisation of production systems and methods, with just a few corporations now dominating all animal production in the USA.…”

Section: Overview Of Industrial Animal Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public health implications of meat production and consumption

Walker

Rhubart-Berg

McKenzie

et al. 2005

Public Health Nutr.

221

140

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The high level of meat and saturated fat consumption in the USA and other highincome countries exceeds nutritional needs and contributes to high rates of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and some cancers. Affluent citizens in middle-and low-income countries are adopting similar high-meat diets and experiencing increased rates of these same chronic diseases. The industrial agricultural system, now the predominant form of agriculture in the USA and increasingly world-wide, has consequences for public health owing to its extensive use of fertilisers and pesticides, unsustainable use of resources and environmental pollution. In industrial animal production there are public health concerns surrounding feed formulations that include animal tissues, arsenic and antibiotics as well as occupational health risks and risks for nearby communities. It is of paramount importance for public health professionals to become aware of and involved in how our food is produced.

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“…Nevertheless, manure can enter water through inadvertent mechanisms, including equipment failures, overapplication, runoff from open feedlots, storage overflow, accidents with manuretransporting equipment, severe weather events, or occasional deliberate actions (6,7). There is no national database on the number or frequency of these events (termed here as manure spills), but a partial picture is available from isolated reports.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is no national database on the number or frequency of these events (termed here as manure spills), but a partial picture is available from isolated reports. There were 304 reported manure spills in Iowa from 1992 to 2002 (7), 98 in Ohio between 2000 and 2003 (8), and 300 in Wisconsin between 2005 and 2009 (9).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genes Indicative of Zoonotic and Swine Pathogens Are Persistent in Stream Water and Sediment following a Swine Manure Spill

Haack

Duris

Kolpin

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Manure spills into streams are relatively frequent, but no studies have characterized stream contamination with zoonotic and veterinary pathogens, or fecal chemicals, following a spill. We tested stream water and sediment over 25 days and downstream for 7.6 km for the following: fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), the fecal indicator chemicals cholesterol and coprostanol, 20 genes for zoonotic and swine-specific bacterial pathogens by presence/absence PCR for viable cells, one swine-specific Escherichia coli toxin gene (STII gene) by quantitative PCR (qPCR), and nine human and animal viruses by qPCR or reverse transcription-qPCR. Twelve days postspill, and 4.2 km downstream, water concentrations of FIB, cholesterol, and coprostanol were 1 to 2 orders of magnitude greater than those detected before, or above, the spill, and genes indicating viable zoonotic or swine-infectious Escherichia coli were detected in water or sediment. STII gene levels increased from undetectable before or above the spill to 10 5 copies/100 ml of water 12 days postspill. Thirteen of 14 water (8/9 sediment) samples had viable STII-carrying cells postspill. Eighteen days postspill, porcine adenovirus and teschovirus were detected 5.6 km downstream. FIB concentrations (per gram [wet weight]) in sediment were greater than in water, and sediment was a continuous reservoir of genes and chemicals postspill. Constituent concentrations were much lower, and detections less frequent, in a runoff event (200 days postspill) following manure application, although the swine-associated STII and stx 2e genes were detected. Manure spills are an underappreciated pathway for livestock-derived contaminants to enter streams, with persistent environmental outcomes and the potential for human and veterinary health consequences.A cross the United States, animal agriculture accounts for the production of more than 1 billion tons of manure annually (1). Manure can contain numerous animal-specific and zoonotic (transferable between animals and humans) pathogens, including bacteria such as Salmonella, pathogenic Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, Leptospira spp., Listeria monocytogenes, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and zoonotic protozoa such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. (1-4). Additionally, although viruses tend to be host-specific pathogens, there is some evidence that swine influenza viruses, hepatitis E virus (HEV), and possibly other porcine viruses may be transmitted to humans (4, 5). Thus, human and animal health is a common concern if swine (or other animal) manures are not properly managed (1, 4).Untreated manure is applied to land as fertilizer in agricultural settings; most U.S. states require manure application practices that minimize contamination of surface water or groundwater (1). Nevertheless, manure can enter water through inadvertent mechanisms, including equipment failures, overapplication, runoff from open feedlots, storage overflow, accidents with manuretransporting equipment, se...

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Addressing Externalities From Swine Production to Reduce Public Health and Environmental Impacts

Cited by 53 publications

References 16 publications

Diversified Farming Systems: An Agroecological, Systems-based Alternative to Modern Industrial Agriculture

Diversified Farming Systems: An Agroecological, Systems-based Alternative to Modern Industrial Agriculture

Public health implications of meat production and consumption

Genes Indicative of Zoonotic and Swine Pathogens Are Persistent in Stream Water and Sediment following a Swine Manure Spill

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