Addressing Mental Health Needs of Secondary Homicide Survivors through a Social Determinants of Health Framework

Magee, Lauren A.; Semenza, Daniel C.; Gharbi, Sami; Wiehe, Sarah E.

doi:10.1177/10887679231163099

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…16 Furthermore, the prevalence of mental health diagnoses increases among both youths and adults in the 12 months after a family member's homicide or a nonfatal shooting. 17,18 It is especially important to consider the role of GVE in shaping mental health outcomes among Black individuals because they are more likely to be ascribed symptoms of mental illness and diagnoses compared with their White peers, affecting clinical prognoses and exacerbating racial disparities in health care. 19,20 Gun violence contributes to individual, family, and collective trauma, and Black individuals in the US are more likely than other racial groups to live in neighborhoods with high rates of gun violence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although GVE is associated with mental health outcomes, 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 there remain limitations to extant research. First, research tends to focus on mental health–related symptoms of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder, and there are few studies regarding how GVE is associated with suicidal ideation and behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gun Violence Exposure and Suicide Among Black Adults

Semenza,

Daruwala,

Brooks Stephens

et al. 2024

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceBlack individuals are disproportionately exposed to gun violence in the US. Suicide rates among Black US individuals have increased in recent years.ObjectiveTo evaluate whether gun violence exposures (GVEs) are associated with suicidal ideation and behaviors among Black adults.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used survey data collected from a nationally representative sample of self-identified Black or African American (hereafter, Black) adults in the US from April 12, 2023, through May 4, 2023.ExposuresEver being shot, being threatened with a gun, knowing someone who has been shot, and witnessing or hearing about a shooting.Main Outcomes and MeasuresOutcome variables were derived from the Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview, including suicidal ideation, suicide attempt preparation, and suicide attempt. A subsample of those exhibiting suicidal ideation was used to assess for suicidal behaviors.ResultsThe study sample included 3015 Black adults (1646 [55%] female; mean [SD] age, 46.34 [0.44] years [range, 18-94 years]). Most respondents were exposed to at least 1 type of gun violence (1693 [56%]), and 300 (12%) were exposed to at least 3 types of gun violence. Being threatened with a gun (odds ratio [OR], 1.44; 95% CI, 1.01-2.05) or knowing someone who has been shot (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.05-1.97) was associated with reporting lifetime suicidal ideation. Being shot was associated with reporting ever planning a suicide (OR, 3.73; 95% CI, 1.10-12.64). Being threatened (OR, 2.41; 95% CI, 2.41-5.09) or knowing someone who has been shot (OR, 2.86; 95% CI, 1.42-5.74) was associated with reporting lifetime suicide attempts. Cumulative GVE was associated with reporting lifetime suicidal ideation (1 type: OR, 1.69 [95% CI, 1.19-2.39]; 2 types: OR, 1.69 [95% CI, 1.17-2.44]; ≥3 types: OR, 2.27 [95% CI, 1.48-3.48]), suicide attempt preparation (≥3 types; OR, 2.37; 95% CI, 2.37-5.63), and attempting suicide (2 types: OR, 4.78 [95% CI, 1.80-12.71]; ≥3 types: OR, 4.01 [95% CI, 1.41-11.44]).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study, GVE among Black adults in the US was significantly associated with lifetime suicidal ideation and behavior. Public health efforts to substantially reduce interpersonal gun violence may yield additional benefits by decreasing suicide among Black individuals in the US.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gun Violence Exposure and Suicide Among Black Adults

Semenza,

Daruwala,

Brooks Stephens

et al. 2024

JAMA Netw Open

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…For instance, family members and friends of those who are shot and/or killed, especially youth, exhibit greater mental health needs after a shooting. 24 , 25 Community outreach workers who regularly assist victims of firearm violence also experience elevated rates of mental distress and secondary trauma. 26 Almost every American is now likely to know someone who has been a victim of firearm violence and this is particularly true among Black and AI/AN communities where rates of exposure are heightened.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Firearm violence exposure and health in 2 national samples of Black and American Indian/Alaska Native adults

Semenza,

Baker,

Ziminski

2023

Health Affairs Scholar

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Exposure to firearm violence is widespread and disproportionately experienced by communities of color, with implications for broad health disparities. Survey data were collected from 2 nationally representative samples of Black (n = 3015) and American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) (n = 527) adults in the United States in April and May 2023. The exposure measures were 4 types of firearm violence exposure. The outcome measures were self-rated health, number of poor physical health days, and number of poor mental health days. Regression results demonstrate that being threatened with a firearm and hearing about or witnessing a shooting were associated with poorer self-rated, mental, and physical health across both samples. Cumulative exposure to firearm violence was particularly associated with increasing harms to health for all outcomes. In general, individual and cumulative firearm violence exposures are linked to poorer health among Black and AI/AN adults in the United States. Significant enhancements and long-term investment are needed for firearm violence prevention to yield improvements to population health, particularly among communities burdened with high levels of exposure to firearm violence.

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Associations between gun violence exposure and suicide mortality rates in US counties

Christopoulos

2024

Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol

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Addressing Mental Health Needs of Secondary Homicide Survivors through a Social Determinants of Health Framework

Cited by 8 publications

References 69 publications

Gun Violence Exposure and Suicide Among Black Adults

Gun Violence Exposure and Suicide Among Black Adults

Firearm violence exposure and health in 2 national samples of Black and American Indian/Alaska Native adults

Associations between gun violence exposure and suicide mortality rates in US counties

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