Addressing Social-Ecological Systems Across Temporal and Spatial Scales: A Conceptual Synthesis for Ethnobiology

Abstract

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Factors affecting local plant knowledge in isolated communities from Patagonian steppe: Metacommunity theory is revealed as a methodological approach

“…Therefore, a metacommunity could be treated as a unit of analysis. It is important to say that the proposal by Albuquerque et al [ 16 ] does not refer to the ecological metacommunities model proposed by Leidbold et al [ 58 ], which deal with interactions of populations of different species, but approaches the idea of metapopulations [ 59 ].…”

“…According to Albuquerque et al [ 16 ], the study of metacommunities can bring new perspectives on the dynamics of local ecological knowledge, which cannot be captured in local studies. We could see differences concerning different degrees of urbanization and competition for resources that would not be observed if we analyzed only one of the communities.…”

“…Despite this connection, each maintains particular characteristics. Based on this, we can say that these three communities together form a metacommunity, according to the proposal by Albuquerque et al [ 16 ]. Considering this perspective, we will analyze communities separately, taking into account that they may have intrinsic properties of metacommunities.…”

“…Our study setting is three traditional communities that together form a metacommunity (according to the conceptual design proposal by Albuquerque et al [ 16 ]) in the Patagonian steppe, in the Comarca de la Meseta Central del Chubut, Argentina. The three communities are relatively isolated from other populations and are so intertwined that many people were born in one community but live or have families in another.…”

Research progress of social-ecological system structure and networking exploration

“…(1) "层次式" 结构 此结构基于层次叠加视角提出社会-生态系 统由地质层、 生物层、 覆被层、 利用层、 经济层、 思维 层和治理层叠加形成， 并对各层次变化周期进行衡 量， 明确土地利用层是人类子系统和环境子系统的 交互层 [56][57][58][59][60][61] 。这一类型基于立体层次结构较为系统 地剖析了社会-生态系统组成， 阐明社会-生态系 统是由多层次叠加形成的综合体， 为土地利用动态 机制的研究提供新思路， 但对各层次间的作用机理 缺少深入阐述。 (2) "综合交互式" 结构 此结构是将社会-生态系统分解为多主体/要 素后对主体/要素间关系开展的建模 [62][63][64][65][66] ， 例如基于 资源单位、 资源系统、 管理系统和用户 4 个方面分析 如何调控人类同资源之间的关系， 这一结构类型为 网络化建模奠定了基础， 学者开始对社会-生态系 统多主体/要素间的关系进行解剖与例证， 对主体/ 要素间关系的剥离更加细化， 但往往会导致建模与 量化难度上升， 故多用于人地耦合机理的概念化 阐述。 (3) "平衡式" 结构 此结构基于均衡思想提出人类系统与生态系 统处于同一天平的两端， 天平的平衡同人类系统总 需求量及生态系统总供给量密切相关， 并融入了外 部因素对天平平衡的干扰作用 [67][68][69] 。这一结构较好 地体现了人地之间的供需平衡关系， 能够支撑资源 [60][61] 自然资源管理多部门联动、 可持续发展评价 体系构建、 碳排放的综合影响因素分析 [66] 自然资源与服务(水、 能源、 粮食、 生态系统服 务等)供需平衡与界限分析、 系统韧性分析、 资源环境承载力评价、 碳排放源汇分析 [68][69] 土地利用/覆被变化驱动机制分析、 生态足迹 分析、 系统变化驱动机制、 碳排放的生态环 境效应与社会治理效应 [71][72] 自然资源跨区域治理与协作、 远程耦合机制 与效应分析、 供应链管理、 系统韧性分析、 碳 排放多主体协同治理与跨区域合作 [76][77] 重要社会-生态过程 (城镇化、 气候变化、 沙 漠化等)的多维度分析框架构建与响应、 国 土空间规划、 系统风险评价、 碳排放的时滞 效应与区域耦合效应 [69， 78] 第 12 期 王凯歌 等：社会-生态系统结构研究进展与网络化探索 环境承载力与系统稳态方面的研究， 但建模过于简 化， 未对系统内部要素之间的作用过程实现有效 展开。 (4) "协同式" 结构 此结构重点关注社会(人类)子系统与生态(自 然)子系统之间的协同耦合过程， 明确了社会子系 统通过胁迫与压力对生态子系统进行干扰， 生态子 系统将不同种类的生态系统服务输入到社会子系 统的过程 [24,36,[70][71][72] 。此结构对生态系统服务与人类胁 迫领域的研究具有启发意义， 阐明了社会同生态子 系统之间的作用过程与所涉及的重要变量， 是对人 地关系循环过程的进一步细化， 但系统要素划分层 次缺少统一性， 不利于量化与建模， 同时在一定程 度上存在要素和过程的混淆。 (5) "点轴网络式" 结构 此结构利用 "点" "线" 几何要素来构建 "网" ， 是 社会-生态系统结构网络化建模的基本类型 [73][74][75][76][77] ， 能够对多主体多要素之间的复杂关系进行反映， 易 于分析要素间作用互馈过程与整体关系结构， 适用 于对复杂人地耦合过程的建模， 同时网络结构兼容 性较强， 可兼容 "协同式" 的过程性分析， 以及 "层次 式" 的层次叠加效应 [74] 。网络式结构建模是对社会 -生态系统结构的整体性再现， 为社会-生态系统 结构研究开辟新方向...…”